Treatment of African Americans 1865-1895 - 1334 Words

During the span of thirty years from 1865 to 1895 blacks that lived within this time frame went through arguably the most profound series of events to occur in African American history. Southern blacks were faced with prejudice, bondage, slavery, and ultimately survival. Shortly after the thirteenth amendment was ratified, stating that: â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† The southern governments enacted a series of Black Codes that were purposefully meant to keep blacks â€Å"as near to a state of bondage as possible.† Blacks could not bear arms, be employed in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It forbade all the states to deny the vote to anyone â€Å"on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.† This was the final blow to the southern states, which quickly ratified the amendment. By March 1870 the Fifteenth Amendment became apart of the Constitution. Now taking into consideration the hell that southern blacks were enduring, this short period of time consisted of three Amendments being passed that shed a light on the black population that most blacks at the time had given up on. Congress gave the opportunity for blacks to step out of slavery, accept citizenship, and take the power to vote and change the way the south had been ran. â€Å"The Radicals had at last succeeded in imposing their will on the South, Throug hout the region former slaved had real political influence; they voted, held office, and exercised the â€Å"privileges† and enjoyed the â€Å"immunities† guarantied them by the Fourteenth Amendment†¦The spectacle of blacks not five years removed from slavery in positions of power and responsibility attracted much attention at the time and has since been examined exhaustively by historians.† Northern blacks held positions as teachers, lawyers, missionaries, officeholders, Union soldiers and politicians; this was a complete one hundred and eighty degree turn for the black population. Politically male blacks were launched forward and almost on an equal level as white northerners.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Treatment Of African Americans: 1865-18951293 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the span of thirty years from 1865 to 1895 blacks that lived within this time frame went through arguably the most profound series of events to occur in African American history. Southern blacks were faced with prejudice, bondage, slavery, and ultimately survival. Shortly after the thirteenth amendment was ratified, stating that: â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United StatesRead MoreCollective Memory : The Political Nature And Consequences Of Erasure1290 Words   |  6 Pagesac tion and neglect in regards to the rights of African Americans after Reconstruction. The mythos surrounding the war’s purpose and outcome, actively and deliberately altered by differing organizations, people, and groups, changed the political response to the treatment of African Americans. As noted by the historian Jay Winter, â€Å"Nations do not remember, groups of people do. Their work is singular and never fixed.† After the abolition of slavery in 1865, there was no inevitable outcome that would leadRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglas, and Susan B. Anthony1415 Words   |  6 Pagesironing out, equality in education, voting rights, and land ownership were established for blacks. Many historical figures defended the rights of those marginalized. Among them President Abraham Lincoln, who instituted the abolition of slavery in 1865 and set the basis for reconstruction in 1862, Frederick Douglas, a former slave who spoke for slaves freedom and aft er emancipation, for the rights of the newly freed, and Susan B. Anthony, a Quaker abolitionist, whom together with others startedRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 PagesCharlotte Perkins Gilman s career as a leading feminists and social activist translated into her writing as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editorRead MoreHistory And The American Civil War Essay1927 Words   |  8 PagesIn the history of the United States, African Americans have always been discriminated against. When Africans first came to America, they were taken against their will and forced to work as laborers. They became slaves to the rich, greedy, lazy Americans. They were given no pay and often badly whipped and beaten. African Americans fought for their freedom, and up until the Civil War it was never given to them. When the Civil War began, they wanted to take part in fighting to free all slaves. TheirRead MoreBiography of a Runaway Slave3421 Words   |  14 PagesCaribbean islands and the Latin American mainland written by Africans or their descendants that describe their life under enslavement. In Brazil, two mula tto abolitionists wrote sketchy descriptions of their personal experiences, and one autobiography of a black man was published before emancipation. In contrast, several thousand slave narratives and eight full-length autobiographies were published in the United States before the outbreak of the Civil War (1860-1865) (Conrad, p. xix). In Cuba, oneRead MoreLangston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion4176 Words   |  17 PagesAmerican Literature II Authors: Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen: Perspective on Religion Susan Glaspell and Charlotte Gilman: Roles of Women W.E.B Du Bois and Booker T Washington: Political View In the 1920s, the somewhat genteel world of American poetry was shaken to its foundations when the Harlem Renaissance started. During those times, all over the United States, thereRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesThe Industrial Revolution during the 18th century was a turning point in American history. Despite the fact that newly-invented technology improved living conditions for many Americans and brought convenience and efficiency through the new transport system, this movement also changed the family structure. Men became the bread-winners of the family, while women were required to stay at home to take care of the children. The young women who used to work had to quit after marriage though they couldRead MoreCompare Malcom X David Walker and Booker T2406 Words   |  10 Pageswhose ideas appealed to a completely different audience. The Civil Right Movement is the Africans- Americans movement that dominated the debates in the United Stated political sphere during the period of (1955-1968). The movement was about the fight against inequality, Americans struggles for social justice, and the racial discriminations. In order to reach their objectives, Africans Americans leaders had displayed many different ideas about how to conduct the movement. Some believed thatRead MoreEssay about Frederick Douglass Influence on the Anti-Slavery Movement3542 Words   |  15 Pagesabolitionist movement were opposed to African colonization schemes, believing that the United States was the true home of black Americans. In March 1839 some of Douglasss anticolonization statements were published in the Liberator. In August 1841 at an abolitionist meeting in New Bedford, Douglass saw William Lloyd Garrison, for the first time. A few days later Douglass spoke before a crowd attending the annual meeting of the Massachusetts branch of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Garrison

Essay on Alexanders divinity - 3335 Words

What evidence is there that Alexander may have believed that he was of divine descent? And how convincing would this evidence have appeared to one of his followers? From studying the sources of the ancient world that talk about Alexander The Great, it is clear that many of them present Alexander as being some type of heroic figure or Demi-god. However you could question whether Alexander believed this himself. Only by studying his actions and the actions of those around him can we draw any type of conclusion on this matter. This can be done through the use of sources that exist from the time of and around his death. Most of these sources have been lost or are incomplete however, so I feel that it would be best to mainly consult the†¦show more content†¦So this may be why he visited the temple, not out of any personal belief that he was descended from Ammon, but instead, out of a sense of duty or to appear to be taking the fact that he was made Pharaoh by the Egyptian people as being a great honour. More over by visiting the temple he would be making his Egyptian subjects happy. Arrian further states that other accounts say that Alexande r went to the temple so that he could gain Ammon’s approval before founding Alexandria. This would seem plausible since, although there is question whether or not Alexander believed that he was of divine descent, it cannot be doubted that he took worship of the gods very seriously. And he would most certainly want a god of Ammon’s statures approval on something as important as the founding of Alexandria. Later Arrian states that when Alexander arrived at the temple, the priest answered the question of his divinity by greeting him as ‘son of Ammon’. This is, by Arrian’s wording, what ‘his heart desired’. This would once again indicate that both he and others around him did truly believe that he was of divine descent. Although Arrian is somewhat sceptical as to whether Alexander truly did crave this answer or if that is just what he said because it is what other people wanted to hear. Plutarch writes that some accounts say that when Alexander entered the temple the priest wished to greet him by saying ‘O, paidion’ meaningShow MoreRelatedThe Western World Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional struggles. Whereas, Classical architecture focused on dedicating massive structures to the gods to emphasize their divinity, but Hellenistic architecture used advanced technology to exemplify Alexander the Great’s magnificence. Thus, differences in the architecture can be seen in the sophisticated town of Alexandria with structures such as the lighthouse that show how Alexander the Great influenced town planning that was centralized on the creation of a superior city, likewise, The Altar at PergamonRead MoreThe Between Classical And Classical Period And Hellenistic Period Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional struggles. Whereas, Classical architecture focused on dedicating massive structures to the gods to emphasize their divinity, but Hellenistic a rchitecture used advanced technology to exemplify Alexander the Great’s magnificence. Thus, differences in architecture can be seen in the sophisticated town of Alexandria with structures such as the lighthouse that show how Alexander the Great influenced town planning that was centralized on the creation of a superior city, likewise, The Altar at PergamonRead MoreAlexander The Great : The Characters Of Alexander The Great1222 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the beginning of his short-lived life in Pella, the capital of Macedonia, Alexander the Great was immensely affected by the traits of his mother, father, and tutor. Philip II, king of Macedonia and Alexander’s father, was a man of great strategic ability, and gave Alexander practice in military leadership. This experience and knowledge passed down from his father became useful during his conquest across Europe. Olympias, one of Philip II’s wives and Alexander’s mother, had incredibly strongRead MoreAlexand er the Great: Strenghts and Weaknesses as a Person, Statesman and Leader1357 Words   |  6 Pagescenturies, Alexander the Great has held an eminent place in history. Arguably one of the greatest men the world has ever known, the Macedonian King accomplished many great feats in his short, but glorious life. During his reign, Alexander played several roles in the process of conquering the Persian empire, and in the assessment of his character, aspects of Alexanders capabilities of both strengths and weaknesses must be explored in him as a person, a statesman and a leader. Alexander was a complexRead MoreThe Epistolary Form Of Writing1926 Words   |  8 Pagesincorrect and a personal attack on his own being rather than input on his actual body of work. These attacks, however, motivate Alexander Pope further, giving him more material to satirise. This reciprocation between writer and writer and writer and critic is often the basis for Pope s poetry, as he draws on the popularity of criticism and novelty to satirise and condescend. Alexander Pope, being one of the most Neo-Classical writers of the time used Horace as a model for his own satire. The ImitationsRead MoreAlexander: The Not So Great1850 Words   |  8 Pages Alexander the Great is hailed, by most historians, as â€Å"The Great Conqueror† of the world in the days of ancient Mesopotamia. â€Å"Alexander III of Macedon, better known as Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in little more than a decade. Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in July 356 BCE. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and his wife Olympias. Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE and Alexander inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdomRead MoreThe Iconography Of The Laurel Wreath1312 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing a votive offering for the gods, as well as being laid in graves as funerary offerings. During the Hellenistic Period, gold wreaths saw a dramatic increase in production due to the fact that gold was readily available following the conquests of Alexander the Great. This gold wreath served a possibly funerary or religious function, while wreaths with actual flowers and vines were worn by brides, or men during symposiums. Wreaths are a part of various functions, which offer differing narratives aboutRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay13163 Words   |  53 PagesALEXANDER THE GREAT BY: JOHN J. POPOVIC CATEGORY: HISTORY – GREEK HISTORY ALEXANDER THE GREAT ΑÎ »ÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ´Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃÆ' ÃŽ  ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹Ãâ‚¬Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ ÃŽÅ"ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½, Alexander the Invincible, later renamed by the Romans, Alexandros Philippou Makedonon, Alexander III the Great of Macedon (356-323 B.C.) PROJECT by John J. Popovic Alexander accomplished greater deeds than any other ruler before or after him. This project is dedicated to the most charismatic and heroic king of all times. Edition 9.2 SYNOPSIS Introduction AlexandersRead MoreHistory of Conquerors1438 Words   |  6 Pagesculture of their new ruler and practice it. Unlike most conquerors, Alexander the Great would incorporate his Greek culture with the culture of the land that he conquered. When Alexander went to conquer Egypt in 332 BCE, he made an effort to try to learn and understand the Egyptian culture. By learning the culture, it showed the Alexander respected the Egyptian culture earning the trust from the native Egyptians back. Alexander went to Memphis and Apis which is part of the tradition to become a pharaohRead MoreThe Holy Of The Roman Empire1714 Words   |  7 Pagescomplexities such as the divinity of Christ in relation to God according to monotheism. Perhaps God had a reason for the work of Arius in the Empire. Until now the church hadn’t resolved an issue of this magnitude and Arius brought it to the main stage. Perhaps Arius was meant to argue for the sake of change within the church according to God’s ultimate design, saving the dissolution of the Roman Empire. In this paper I will describe the beliefs held by Arius on eternity and the divinity of Jesus, as well

Corporate Finance Woolworths Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance for Woolworths Ltd. Answer: Introduction Woolworths Ltd is a prime Australian company publicly listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) with extensive retail interest throughout New Zealand and Australia. In terms of revenue, it is consider, as the second largest company in Australia after is retail-focused conglomerate Wesfarmers Ltd. In the year 2015, it operates around 3729 stores with a workforce of approximately 197,000 employees in New Zealand and Australia that includes more than 960 supermarkets under the Countdown, Foodtown, Woolworths, and Thomas Dux banners (Woolworths limited, 2015). Core business The core activities of the company comprise of Liquor and Australian Food that also includes procurement of food, petroleum, and liquor products through the brands BWS and Dan Murphy. It has more than 1445 liquor stores and 516 petrol canopies under such brand name. Its New Zealand supermarkets engage in these same activities through 177 countdown supermarkets together with a wholesale functioning that provides additional 60 stores (Woolworths limited 2015). It also operates in General Merchandise that involves procurement of discount general merchandise goods through EziBuy and Big W brands. It also associates itself to hotel businesses and pursues around 330 hotels that involve engagement in providing of hospitality and leisure services inclusive of accommodation facilities, food and alcohol, venue-hiring duties, gaming etc (Long, 2014). Woolworths also operates in home improvement services through its 44 Home Hardware and Timber stores and 58 Masters Stores that include procuremen t of home improvement goods. An estimate of around 395 consumer electronic shops managed by Woolworths Ltd but under the brand names of Tandy and Dicksmith Ltd (Heffernan, 2015). The company also manages the wine market, Langtons, and Cellarmasters.com.au online platforms. In other words, the company pursues online operations for its key trading divisions. Strategic activities Food- Woolworths has been able to invest more than $200 million in 2015 for delivering the price promise made to the customers with internal strategies that depict price parity with Coles. It has further invested an additional 56000 hours per week so that on-shelf and Fresh availability is focused (Beaton, 2015). In order to win the customer experience, an innovative leadership team has been establishing that purposes to implement a customer-led measure (Woolworths limited, 2015). To offer enhanced certainty and transparency for the grocery and food suppliers, Woolworths has made a progress in signing the Australian Food and Grocery Industry Code of Conduct and is the only country to do so (Fuller, 2015). Therefore, the progress regarding its food plans mainly focus on customer-satisfaction. Liquor- In the year 2015, Woolworths has made a progress by consistently developing and gaining market shares across each of its three formats that is The Wine Quarter, BWS and Dan Murphy. The company significantly balances the formats that are The Wine Quarter (Online Direct), BWS (Convenience), and Dan Murphy (Destination) and it has shown developed outcomes. The company through My Dan Murphys, a loyalty program introduced in 2014, effectively engages customers. The company has successfully reinforced the digital platform named as danmurphys.com.au so that it becomes a premier online liquor destination of Australia (Keith, 2012). Petroleum- Woolworths have significantly invested in forecourt developments at more than 326 sites so that customer experience and electronic price boards at around 176 sites can be improved. The company through introduction of various promotional offers has enhanced the sales of merchandise (Jones, 2011). Furthermore, in order to increase the petroleum network profile, the company has opened 14 (net) new petroleum sites and this makes the total ownership of sites to 516. Last but not the least, fuel discounts have been provided to the customers at an additional 11 Woolworths Caltex alliance sites with approximately 103 sites across the country (Woolworths limited, 2015). Chairmans Report In comparison to 2014, Woolworths delivered a 0.1% increase in net profit after tax (NPAT) before significant items of $2.453.3 billion in the year 2015. Moreover, when such significant items are considered, then NPAT decreases by 12.5% to $2146 million in 2015. The company has changed its strategy in 2015 making it more focused towards customers so that long-term shareholder value delivered (Woolworths limited, 2015). Due to variations in Woolworths-Caltex alliance, the net sales declined by 0.2% and it amounted to $60.7 billion. In relation to dividend, the Board has declared a 1.5% increase in dividend per share that amounts to 139 cents. It can be observed from the annual report that financial year 2015 has been very important because various significant variations have been made in the senior management team of the company. The CEO and managing director of the company had given his intention for retiring and in order to find a worthy leader, the company has initiated a global CE O search. Due to such search initiatives, the current Managing Director (Brad Banducci) appointed in February 2015 who was later replaced by Martin Smith, prior general manager of Dan Murphys. Dave Chambers appointed as the director of the companys supermarkets while Pat McEntee appointed as Active Managing Director of New Zealands progressive enterprises. The managing director of Big W (Alistair McGeorge) also left the company and a new one (Penny Winn) was appointed. Even Winn has plans to leave the company by the end of 2015 in order to obtain a non-executive career. Woolworths is facing issues in order to find the managing director for Big W and director of Group Retail Services. Hence, financial year 2015 was a memorable year for Woolworths as various significant changes took place in the year. Although such challenges took place in 2015, yet the employees of the company work very hard so that the customers can be properly served and proper satisfaction of customers will thereb y facilitate in long-term growth and sustainable development (Woolworths limited, 2015). Managing Directors Report It is observable through the managing directors report of Woolworths that despite obtaining a slight increased profit in the year 2015 in comparison to the last year, the company failed to deliver an effective growth that was very shocking and disappointing. Woolworths continues to stay focused for the maximization of their shareholders value and this is the reason they have provided an increased dividend to them. The company has leading positions in the market and hence it provides an era of competition so that new challenges can be encountering (Keith, 2012). It can be observed that the company has been able to tackle such challenges as in Australian Liquor and Food, Woolworths is approximately 30% greater than their nearest competitors are. However, the market environment has changed drastically with due to passage of time because of enhanced competition and relevant shifts in the behavior of customers and therefore adopting old strategies will not be enough to meet the demands of the customers (Woolworths limited, 2015). In fact, Woolworths is trying to make new changes and it is consistently evolving so that new and innovative ways can be found to delight the customers. Woolworths also focuses on its online digital platform that serves more than 29 million customers each week to develop their share of wallet and enhance the experience of customers as a whole. Effective steps like investment of around $200 million for lowering the prices are done in Australian markets. Further, addition of new ranges and changing the format of stores, clearing of more than 80% of non-productive inventory and increasing the online availability of products to more than 28000 so that the reset of Big W can be accelerated. Acceleration of the lean retail model of Woolworths to be capable in competing in the new environment, maintaining of disciplined capital allocation and portfolio management. This will maximize the long-term shareholder value of the company and are being init iated by the company based on the challenges, as these are very crucial for identification of growth potential (Woolworths limited 2015). Corporate Responsibility Report Both globally and domestically, Woolworths is quietly earning recognition and respect for the depth and integrity of its corporate responsibility programs. Even in the year 2013 and 2014, Woolworths Ltd identified as an international leader of food and staple retailing sector in DJSI (Dow Jones Sustainability Indices). From the corporate sustainability report of Woolworths for the year 2015, it can be observed that the company had three prime focuses that is people, planet, and prosperity. People- Woolworths value diversity and purposes to establish an inclusive and vibrant workplace so that their employees can be valued at work irrespective of their age, gender, disability, ethnicity, gender identity etc. In relation to training, Woolworths offers significant opportunities for their employees to establish a career (Woolworths limited, 2015). A combination of learning opportunities used by the company that includes on-the job training, coaching and mentoring etc. In order to establish a safe business, Destination Zero made the companys vision for safety and health. Furthermore, the LTIFR in 2015 reported at 10.51 that are significantly lesser in comparison to 2014. Even during the year, around 1200 sites did not report of any LTIFR. Planet- In order to minimize carbon emissions, Woolworths adopted strategies like redesigning of customer-facing refrigerator cases, use of low greenhouse emitting refrigerants etc. With such policies, an anticipated reduction of more than one million tones delivered. These policies have also saved millions of expenditures for the company that can be reinvested for additional technologies in future (Graham Smart, 2012). For packaging, the review of more than 3000 brand products has been done by the company so that all products safeguarded from the supply chain to the customers. Woolworths also manages waste by increasing recycling rates. Prosperity- In 2015, more than 43000 people joined Woolworths business and due importance is provided to its suppliers by balancing customer value with a fair return for them. As per 2015 advantage report, the aggregate performance of Woolworths stands at sixth position out of 17 rated retailers. Better conditions for the workers are also established through ethical sourcing policy of the company that pursues a compliance audit program especially for the factories creating own brand products of the company (Woolworths limited, 2015). Initiatives taken by the company to invest in charitable organizations and community programs. The pre-tax contributions of the company stands at 0.7% in 2015 and it aims to offer at least 1% of pre-tax profits to the communities (Long, 2014). Key Financial ratio Ratio Formula Woolsworth Limited-2015 Woolsworth Limited-2014 PROFITABILITY RATIO Return on Assets Ratio Net Income 2137.4 = 0.084 8.4% 2458.4 = 0.102 10.2% Total Assets 25336.8 24136.5 Net Profit Margin Ratio Net Income 2137.4 = 0.035 3.5% 2458.4 = 0.040 4% Sales 60679.1 60772.8 LIQUIDITY RATIO Current Ratio Current Assets 7660.9 = 0.836 7106.1 = 0.949 Current Liabilities 9168.6 7489.5 Quick Ratio Quick Assets* 7660.9-4872.2-9.9 = 0.303 7106.1-4693.2-13.2 = 0.320 Current Liabilities 9168.6 7489.5 CAPITAL STRUCTURE Debt to Equity ratio Total Liabilities 14204.8 = 0.561 13611.1 = 0.564 Total Assets 25336.8 24136.5 Equity Ratio Total Equity 11132 = 0.439 10525.4 = 0.436 Total Assets 25336.8 24136.5 Quick assets is taken as current assets- stock prepaid expenses From the above analysis it can be seen that the decline in sales for Woolworths is negligible that is not an area to worry because the operations of the company vary in different years. A similar trend portrayed by the net income of the company, as well as the balance sheet of the company. However, the current assets have shown movement and this can be attributed due to an increment in the current assets of the company. Further the increment in the non-current assets projects that the tangible assets increased stressing on the long-term progress of the company. A vital increment is seen from $17030.4million to $17675.9million. Further, a sharp movement is witness from non-current to current liabilities and it is solely due to increment in the borrowings of short-term scenario and decline in the borrowings pertaining to the long-term (Parrino et. al, 2012). Profitability ratio Return on total assets this ratio indicates the manner in which the assets of the company are use for generating returns. However, the ratio is showing that thee assets were not used in an effective manner and therefore, the management needs to pay attention on it. Net profit margin the net profit margin of the company declined in 2015 and as said, the sales fluctuate every year thereby leading to a drop in the net profit margin. Immense competition from competitor like Wesfarmer and external scenario led to a fall in sales and this affected the net profit ratio (Libby et. al, 2011). Liquidity ratios Liquidity ratio projects the skill of the company in meeting the obligations of the company. The base ratio of current ratio is 2:1 while for the decisive test ratio is 1:1 and a ratio near to it, projects the strong performance of the company in terms of liquidity (Davies Crawford, 2012). Both the ratios has drop and is low that shows there is a liquidity crunch. The management needs to take a proper step to ensure that it is eliminate at the earliest. Capital Structure The capital structure off the company shows that the debt equity surpasses .50 indicating higher proportion of dent while the equity ratio is lower proving that the company has used more of debt as compared to equity (Fields, 2011). It must strive to attain a balanced level of equity and debt. Market performance Ratio Formula Woolsworth Limited-2015 Earnings per Share Profit available for ESH 2146 = Wght No. Of shares 1256.6 Dividend per Share Dividend paid 912 = No. Of shares 1259.8 The market performance is project by EPS and DPS. The above table shows that it has paid dividend and the EPS is good. This projects that as per market performance the company is operating smoothly (Choi Meek, 2011). Value creation The value creation process of Woolworths is done by focusing on strategies that are priorities. The customer value perception determines how a business operates and maintains its status. Low prices, strong supply management, strong resources, partnership, and a strong alliance determine the value creation formula of Woolworths (Sheldon, 2013). The key resource and key process helps the business to flourish. The key process includes regular improvement, promotional activities, initiatives of value chain etc. Product development and enhancement is been the major step when it comes to value creation (Brealey et. al, 2011). Therefore, the company has provided strong performance and never ignored the customers. Through customer satisfaction, it has created a strong market. Conclusion From the overall analysis, it can be said that the performance of Woolworths has been affected by the external circumstances and cutthroat competition. The liquidity position of the company is under trouble and is one of the major areas that need a strong evaluation of the management and rectification at the earliest (Libby et. al, 2011). However, there is a drop in the major ratio that does not go in good favour of the company. Therefore, at the current point of time, it is not feasible to invest in Woolworths as it is facing acute problem. It needs to structure the entire balance sheet by putting up a strong performance. References Beaton, WC. (2015). Harper Review: a mixed basket for Coles and Woolworths. Retrieved September 12, 2016, https://theconversation.com/harper-review-a-mixed-basket-for-coles-and-woolworths-39640. Brealey, R, Myers, S. Allen, F. (2014). Principles of corporate finance. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Choi, R.D. Meek, G.K. (2011). International accounting. Pearson. Davies, T. Crawford, I. (2012). Financial accounting. Harlow, England: Pearson. Fields, E. (2011). The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association. Fuller, D.S. (2015). Consensus among Economists Reviited. Journal of Economic Education , 369-387. Graham, J. Smart, S. (2012). Introduction to corporate finance. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Heffernan, M. (2015). Pay deals imminent for supermarket giants Coles and Woolworths. Retrieved September 12 2016 https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/pay-deals-imminent-for-supermarket-giants-coles-and-woolworths-20150427-1mu42b.html. Jones, E. (2011). Coles and Woolworths duopoly hard to swallow. Retrieved September 12 2016 https://theconversation.com/coles-and-woolworths-duopoly-hard-to-swallow-533 Keith, S. (2012). Coles, Woolworths, And The Local. Macquarie University. Long, W. (2014). Farmers slugged for Woolworths Jamie Oliver campaign. Retrieved September 12 2016, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-06-06/nrn-ausveg-vs-woolworths/5505808 Libby, R., Libby, P. Short, D. (2011) Financial accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Parrino, R., Kidwell, D. Bates, T. (2012). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Sheldon, T. (2013). The Supply Chain stops with the big retailers. Retrieved September 12 2016, https://workinglife.org.au/2013/07/10/the-supply-chain-buck-stops-with-the-big-retailers/ Woolworths limited 2015, Woolworths limited Annual Report and accounts 2013, viewed 13 September 2016, https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/icms_docs/182381_Annual_Report_2015.pdf.

Love, Power, and Romeo and Juliet free essay sample

The play Romeo and Juliet is a classic tale of friendship, love, betrayal, comedy, tragedy, and death. I t was written by William Shakespeare in and is considered one of his greatest tragedies. It has many different renditions and has been translated into many different languages. In the play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† two young ambitious lovers put themselves in situations that would inevitably lead to their deaths. Was Romeo to blame or perhaps Juliet? Maybe the blame can be put on true love that would lead them to do certain things that were forbidden during those times. In the relationship between Romeo and Juliet many questions are formed within my mind such as who had more power in the relationship between Romeo and Juliet, was it Romeo, was it Juliet, or was it the Love between them. Perhaps gender played a role in who had more power in the relationship. In this paper I intend on exploring the answers to these questions that are lingering in my mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Love, Power, and Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout the play Juliet increasingly showed her power over Romeo, even though in those days, it was customary for men to show their power and dominance over women, this was not the case in this play. This could have been because William Shakespeare was married and had daughters. The first instance that Juliet shows her indirect power over Romeo was the very moment Romeo laid his eyes upon her. In scene one, act five Romeo says to a servingman, â€Å"What ladies that which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight†, â€Å"Oh she doth teach the torch to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the check of night as a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear beauty too rich for us, for earth to dear! † This show power because earlier that day Romeo was mopping around crying about another young lady named Rosaline. When he saw Juliet he completely forgot who Rosaline even was and went out of his way to talk to Juliet even though she was part of the family that his family was in a feud with. Power was also exhibited by Juliet because Romeo was so infatuated with her that he stood outside her window and talked about her like she was the sun in the sky herself even though he could have been killed for it. Another exhibit of power was when Marcutio and Tybalt fought and the end result was Marcutio being killed by Tybalt and Romeo killing Tybalt and then being banished from Verona by the king. All his happened because of the love between Romeo and Juliet. Another instance of Juliet’s power was when she unintentionally got the Prince and Romeo to fight to the death over her, even though she was not really dead. The result of this battle, ended in the Prince’s death. The next instance of Juliet’s power was at the end of the play when Romeo was so incredibly distraught over his lov ers’ alleged demise that he purchased a vial of poison brewed by an apothecary to kill himself. After Romeo Kills Paris he lies down next to his beautiful Juliet and consumes the vial of poison so he can be with his lover once again. In the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Romeo also exhibits power. In the balcony scene between the two star- crossed lovers when the famous Romeo, Romeo where forth art thou Romeo speech Romeo tells Juliet that he wants to be with him. They both know that their love is forbidden, but Romeo convinces Juliet that they should run away out of Verona to get married and make beautiful love children. This shows power because they could have been banished or even killed because they could have caused the families to go to war and the kind already declared if they fought again they could been punished with death. Romeo also show his power when in the end of the play Romeo see Juliet dead and drink the poison to kill himself, Juliet awakes to see her lover dead his power over her was so strong that she tried to kiss his lips in hopes of getting the poison into her system so she could be with her lover. When they plan failed she took Romeo’s dagger and plunged it into her own heart killing herself instantly. If that is power over someone I don’t know what is. The last Object that could have been seen as having power over the relationship between Romeo and Juliet was the Friar. He was somewhat of a corky guy who brewed up remedies and was a good friend of Romeo and Juliet. He tried his best throughout the play to get the two lovers together and we all know how that turned out. The first instance of the friar showing his power over Romeo and Juliet’s relationship was when the two came to him for advice he came up with a plan to get the both out of the city and marry the two. Juliet was supposed to take a potion that the friar had concocted which was to make her seem if she had died but she would merely be a sleep. The family would bury her and she would wake up several hours later and meet up with her lover. He writes to Romeo to let him know what the plan is but the letter never makes it to Romeo so he doesn’t know Juliet isn’t really dead. Then all the bad stuff happens and everyone dies. So yes the friar did have some sort of power over the relationship between Romeo and Juliet but it wasn’t good power at all. In conclusion Love will make you do some stupid things. Love is very powerful whether experienced by a man or woman, it can make you do some strange things. The story was a good one and Power over people can definitely be a bad thing, as you can see in Romeo and Juliet.

Fathers advice free essay sample

Fathers advice Times in life essay A father Is a man who expects his son to be as good a man as he meant to be, A father is someone who carries pictures where his money used to be (Frank Howard Clark). There are times in a young mans life when he needs advice. When I needed that advice, turned to my Dad. He always seems to know what to do in every situation, and because of that, I will go up to my Dad and ask him about anything. My Dad will attempt to do what he can for me to the best of his abilities. One of the ways he does this is by providing me with excellent life advice.Some of the best he gave is telling me that Life ahead is too uncertain, so always follow your morals, and stay true to who you are even though outside forces are working against you. We will write a custom essay sample on Fathers advice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Live life with a smile on your face. Every day has a new challenge; the outcome has to do how people face that challenge. There are times in my life that I really rely on the advice my dad gives me. Without it, I would not have the drive I have now. There was one time where I had no Idea what to tell to the bully when he was being a buttered. Ride to Ignore him, but it wasnt working. So one day I go to my dad and say, Dad there is a guy on my baseball team that is being a buttered and I dont know how to explain to him, that he is being a buttered without being one in return. My Dad turned to me and said, Son there Is no way around being a buttered In life so Just tell him he Is and move on. That taught me to quit thinking about how not to offend someone because I will spend more time of trying to figure out how not too then I actually would by saying it. M more able to be the person I want to be because I am strait forward with my friends. This advice has helped me make Important decision In life. For example, I was having a difficult time with baseball. I was getting teased and made fun of. This made me want to quit baseball all together. So, one day, I decided to tell the coach I Just cant play baseball any more, but then I remembered that I wouldnt be any happier If quit the sport that I love. I decided that If I couldnt prove that It TLD affect me then it would continue on even if I did quit.I kept pushing and pushing until one day the bullying and teasing finally stopped. I realized that I wouldnt be the same person m now if I would have given up. Another example of how being who I am has helped me Is when I wanted to get stronger. I started to work out twice a week. Lifting weights, running or something to help make me stronger I would go until it got hard then quit. Two weeks went by of doing the same routine over and over and I wasnt seeing any results. So I started to push myself harder thinking maybe Im not working out enough.Then, I started to work out four days a week. I would lift weights every other day and do cardiac on the other two days. Again I went till it got hard and quit. Three weeks pasted and still no results. I couldnt figure it out till I remembered my 1 OFF got hard then I quit. To get what I wanted I had to keep going till I could not go anymore. I started to do this sure it was hard sure I wanted to quit but I pushed on till I collapsed. I repeated this day in and day out. I started to feel like I was getting stronger yet I didnt give up.Every day I am faced with choices about what I want to do with my life or of what is right and wrong. The advice that I have been given has helped me make those choices to the best of my abilities and to the best outcome that I can affect. I wouldnt be the person I am today without the influence that people have had on me trough out my life so far. I know Im not perfect and I probably never will be perfect no matter how much I try. However, I know that if I follow the advice I have been given and the morals that have been instilled inside of me since I was a kid.I know I will turn out all right. I hope that I am going to be the person to my future kids that my dad is to me. I dont think that I can thank my dad enough for the thing that he has done for me. I know life will be a huge ride full of twist and turn and ups and downs, UT I think it is better to learn from ones mistakes than to keep making them over and over. When I make a mistake I always think of the saying, Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me. I will listen to advice every time it is offered.I dont have to follow the advice but I will definably remember what is said to me on the topic. I have asked how he knows all of this and is able to give me advice the way you do. He always turns to me and says, Well son I have made the same mistakes that you have and more but I know that your son will probably make the same mistake that you did. That is what helps make you a man and what will help you make decisions later in life. I want you to remember, son, that dads dont Just love their sons every now and then.Fathers love their sons without amen. He told me this when I was twelve and to this day as I start to think about having kids, that advice always comes to mind. Lifes lesson will come and go, but I have to face each one with a smile on my face and spring in your step. Otherwise, I will not enjoy life the way that God meant for me to. I once heard an old man say Live life to the fullest its not like you are going to get out of it alive. I think that rings true for all people you are born and you die that is the only two certainties in life.I am going to live my life to the fullest that I can. While remembering my true self and the morals that I have been taught is right. What other people do with their life is their choice, but I wont let them stop me from what makes me happy or let them threaten my family. That is just not who I am or the person I want to be.

Dog Whistles, Whistle-Blowers, and Whistle-Stop Tours

Dog Whistles, Whistle-Blowers, and Whistle-Stop Tours Dog Whistles, Whistle-Blowers, and Whistle-Stop Tours Dog Whistles, Whistle-Blowers, and Whistle-Stop Tours By Mark Nichol Several idioms based on the word whistle are associated with politics. This post discusses the origins and meaning of â€Å"dog whistle,† whistle-blower, and â€Å"whistle-stop tours.† A dog whistle is any one of various devices that emits a high-pitched sound audible to canines but out of the range of human hearing that is used to train and summon dogs. In a political context, however, â€Å"dog whistle† has a pejorative connotation; the analogy is of a word or phrase that has a given literal meaning but also has a subtext to it that means something else to certain audiences. For example, in certain contexts, the invocation of the phrase â€Å"states’ rights† in assertions of the right of states in the United States to determine their own laws and policies without interference from the federal government is said to mask tacit advocacy of the perpetuation of racism. Meanwhile, a whistle-blower is someone who exposes a secret or an act of wrongdoing at a government agency or in a business or organization, with the notion that the person calls attention to something as if he or she were a referee at a sports event alerting athletes to halt play because of a penalty (or had blown a whistle to summon help in an emergency). Whistle-blowers, especially employees who publicize an entity’s crimes or unethical behavior, have risked termination, litigation, and threats of physical harm, and laws have been passed to protect them from such forms of retribution. A whistle-stop tour, traditionally, is a form of travel in which tourists make multiple brief stops at various sites; the phrase dates from the nineteenth century, when trains were a dominant mode of travel. It is, however, also associated with political campaigns: A train carrying a candidate would halt briefly in turn at numerous small-town stations, and the train’s whistle would alert residents of its arrival, at which point the candidate would give a speech to those who gathered. The term is still used, albeit figuratively, to describe a stop, often at a public venue, along the campaign trail at which a candidate will give a speech and meet supporters. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?3 Types of HeadingsPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

A Moment of Self Awareness Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Moment of Self Awareness - Personal Statement Example Because I consider myself to be goal driven and an industrious person, it is difficult to communicate with others without a defined goal. I found that going to the grocery store was equally easy. It is simple, I just go and purchase my groceries, check out what is on sale and go about my business. It is easy for me to ask someone where an aisle is because there is a goal to be met at the end and honestly, the conversation is innocuous and quick. I don't feel as if I am being put on the spot. Likewise for the library and at a house I visited that was for sale. "While you are not born with a self-concept, you certainly do play a key role in building one. Even though you are constantly undergoing change, once built, the theory or picture you have of yourself is fairly stable and difficult to alter". Most people would describe me as an outgoing individual, easy to talk to and on the whole, easy to get along with. What most do not know, is that I am absolutely at a loss when placed in an environment that I am unfamiliar with. I therefore attempt to control the conversation or topic of conversation. I suppose that this would be my hidden quadrant according to the Jahari Window. I am not so sure that this is something that is built deliberately. I think that because I am outgoing, I would like to be able to initiate conversations in any area and with ease.

Practise report PARAPHRASING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Practise report PARAPHRASING - Assignment Example Whether a subject in the material is a fact or a personal opinion is also important. Facts supported by other evidences are given more weight compared to personal opinions. The blog Anthropologists in Cross Cultural Management does not comply with some of the criteria provided in the CRAP method. This method requires that a source be current and reliable and that its authority be well defined. Even though the material is current having been written in February 2009, it is the opinion of and individual and has not been supported by any form of reference. The material is also quite short and does not cover the entire topic managing multicultural environment. In the CRAP criteria, it is preferred that the publisher of a material have a knowledge of the subject to be addressed and if possible give a comprehensive introduction to the contents of the work. Emerald publishers draw journals from several university libraries all over the world and such introduction is not possible. Moreover, the journal may be lacking citations. Managing and harnessing the powers of Cross-Cultural differences has much of what is required. A list of materials read given at the end of the work indicates that it is not purely an individual’s opinion and that similar observation and argument can be obtained from other materials as well. It is also current having been modified on August 03, 2009 at 7:02:55 PM. This source also has links to other and referring to these sources is quite convenient. The several advertisements on the page all relate to the same topic and therefore cannot bore the reader. The sources of materials from Wikipedia are not known. Worse still, anonymous writers can join the team and make changes to an existing document. Therefore, the information from such sources can only be used to obtain a general overview of a topic. This can then be used to obtain references from the valid

Eassy HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eassy HR - Essay Example Hiring decisions are the possible final opinions that can be adopted in a hiring process. They are culminating possibilities from the hiring process that involves recruiting and selection processes of potential employees. The hiring decisions that I might witness in functional areas, manufacturing and accounting areas, include appointment of freshly recruited employee, renewal, or extension of an employee’s contract, promotion of an employee, or dismissal of a particular employee or recruit for an alternative. The decisions largely rely on the job specifications, job design, and the qualities that are demonstrated by the recruits in any of the possible hiring cases. A consideration of the expected roles of a potential employee, potentials of the recruit and the organization’s job design is for example essential in determining the ability of the recruit to adapt to the organization’s structure and culture. Consequently, making the hiring decisions should rely on t he management’s informed opinion based on the recruit’s past data from previous employers that allows for both human resource forecasting and quantitative forecasting of the recruits’ abilities. The resultant opinions of the hiring panel are then deliberated upon and a final decision is made on whom to hire for the subject position (Castillo and McAniff, p. 64). There exist varieties of strategies that can be used to recruit applicants into an organization’s human resource. Examples of the most currently used recruitment strategies include job postings, application of the print media, mail recruitment, recruitment through personal contact and recruitment from an organization’s interns. Job postings may be the traditional posting of job opportunities at a strategic place such as public notice boards or may be electronic on listing agencies’ websites and may be geographically target specific or may be universal. Recruitment through the media is however, regional

Healthcare Architecture Origin and Development

Healthcare Architecture Origin and Development Chapter 1: Healthcare Architecture History that Time Forgot To trace back the history of healthcare and hospitals were unknown as there were many evidences of origination for earliest hospitals across different continent, and all historical healthcare serve under as religious influenced. Physicians back than consists of religious figure from gods and witch doctor to monks and priest. Around 430BC, temples in Athens were dedicated to healing gods, Asclepius for treating the sick spread throughout Greece. These holy temples were known as the very first hospitals in the history of western civilization. Dream interpretations was the process of healing where priests would interpret the dreams visited by the god, is also known as incubation. Priest would take a holistic approach to treatment which include, mud, herbal remedies, psychotherapy massage, bathing treatments, set dislocated bones and opium to calm agony of patient which were prescribed according to the dreams they experience. One of the oldest architecture evidence of a healthcare centre which dated back to the 9th century AD at Mihintale, Sri Lanka were Buddhist monasteries. There is evidence of patient ward which measured 4m x 4m. These evidence Medicinal trough roughly 7 feet long and 30 inches wide have been found by archaeologist. It was suggested that it was used with mineral water and medicinal oil for hydrotherapy. Healthcare influenced by social environment Roman Warfare Era Many of mankinds greatest discoveries have been made within the frame of warfare. The Roman Empire was built upon the success of its legions, and the foundation of that success lies in the innovations and discoveries of Roman medicine in the battlefield. In the first century AD, the Roman Empire was in constant warfare with neighbouring country but the Roman legions did not have any organized medical units. It was only when the Roman Empire expanded to Greece that many Greek physicians came to Italy and Rome, because it was only during warfare that physician are able to practice and flourish their medical skill by performing surgeries and treating wounded soldiers. He who desires to practice surgery must go to war. Hippocrates (c. 460-377 B.C.) a famous Greek physician During the first and second century AD, Emperor Trajan established the Roman Military Hospitals, or valetudinarium after recognizing the importance of medical treatment to reduce wounded and sick soldiers during long military campaigns. Trained Roman medical officer would travel together soldiers To the battlefield and set up temporary groups of small tents and fortresses. Over time, the Roman ethic of military improvement reform temporary Military Hospital into permanent facilities. Roman military hospitals were originally built near river for the access of clean water and adequate sewerage for sanitation purposes. Later in order to have an effective army, the military hospital was incorporated into part of Roman fort architecture and were put near the other wall, so that soldiers could get treated and be back into the battlefield. The architecture of a standard Roman Military Hospitals is similar to most healthcare centre today, rectangular in shape and consist of four corridors connected by an entrance hall. Each corridors consists of number of small ward with ante room and large ward that holds three bed off the end. Other spaces in the valetudinarium include a reception ward, staff quarters, kitchen, dispensary, large hall and medicine facilities. Religion Influence Era But unlike modern hospitals, these military hospitals were only reserve for sick and wounded Roman soldiers as Roman soldiers were usually treated with respect and honour in daily life. Unfortunately, the poor receive no sort of medical care which raises the issue social stigma. Even slaves and gladiator receive medical care. After 310 AD, the concept of healthcare available to only soldiers and the rich changes when the Romans adopted Christianity as religion, which promoted a caring and social community, revolutionizing morality and social behaviour. Christianity contributed an immense role in expanding healthcare provisions for the public. Many churches and monastery were built not only as place for spiritual worship, but to cater for travellers, the poor and the sick. St. Basil of Caesarea founded the first large-scale hospital in 369 AD. The hospital consists of 300 bed to care for victims of the plague. It was during the late 8th centuries in the Dark Ages, which Emperor Charlemagne that a hospital must be built attached each cathedral and monastery. Benedictine Abbey of Cluny was founded in 910 became a dominant factor in hospital work. To help them as would Christ was the principle founded by the monastic hospitals. Patients ward would be placed near the altar The Cluny order had an enormous influence on the culture and Romanesque architecture during the time. The monastery was form by cloister of buildings to form an open central space. The cross shaped plan in the abbey was where patient ward were place, where light and fresh is easily penetrate into the whole plan. Patients is able to gain spiritual healing in assisting with their recovery in front of the altar. Danger of bad design Healthcare Architecture Hotel-Dieu was the oldest hospital in Paris founded in the 7th century situated next to the Seine river and serve originally as a refuge for the homeless and sick. It was during the 17th century, Hotel-Dieu became hospices where the poor and sick is treated. With 1,200 beds in total and over 100 beds in some ward, Hotel-Dieu was the largest hospital ever built at the time. Although being the largest hospital, the hospital was designed poorly. Most of the wards in Hotel-Dieu does not have adequate ventilation, it was also maintained poorly and unsanitary. During plague epidemics, it was the only place that provided healthcare facilities for the sick. The hospital was faced with problem of overcrowding when it requires to house 3500 patients at the same time during the period, which the hospital was inadequately able to provide. Up to six patients were force to share a single hospital bed and infectious airborne diseases were able to spread easily across the hospital. Poor architecture design combined with uncontrollable spread of disease resulted in a high mortality rate of one death in four patients. In 1785 numerous discussion, design modifications and reformation to the Paris hospital system were made when a large part of the Hotel-Dieu was burned down by fire in 1772. Dr Jacques Tenon was appointed with drawing up proposals for improving the hospitals of Paris. He visited forty hospitals during his time in England to detailed spatial, sanitary and administrative elements of it. During his visit in Greenwich, it was when Jacques Tenon paid unusual attention on the functions and service arrangement. Documenting every architectural element detail from dining rooms, cabins bed, woollen mattress, feather pillow, the distance between the corridors, fire precautions, iron doors, alarm bells and many more. Jacques Tenons published the book Memoirs on the hospitals of Paris based on his records. Jacques Tenon and Bernard Poyet (architect) came up for the design for the new Hotel-Dieu in 1785 next to Notre Dame Cathedral after the approval of scheme by the Academy of Sciences. The hospital introduces a circular design with wards radiating from the centre point. The design was prioritized on improving the ventilation and hygiene of the building. Although the radial design for the new Hotel-Dieu receive complimentary for its effort. The death rate remained unchanged in the hospital due to most of the citys serious accidents were admitted to the new Hotel-Dieu. There are still several issues regarding to the design of it. Radial design provides insufficient space to cater for all patient; ventilation and sun light is unable to penetrate efficiently into most of the wards room. The Turning Point of Hospital The modernization of hospital design began to flourish during the age of enlightenments. In the mid-18th century, hospitals were introduced to the pavilion design. With the improvement of medical facilities and knowledge, isolation and containing airborne infections has been the main focus in reducing mortality rate. taking the quest for the separation of pathologies and the desire to prevent contagion effects to the extreme The first Pavilion type hospital in England was the Royal Herbert Hospital designed by Sir Douglas Galton which was recommended by Florence Nightingale in 1865. Sidney Herbert which was the leader of War Office wishes to reduce military mortality rate of British veterans of the Crimean War. The main intention of the pavilion design was to improved sanitation, cleanliness and fire prevention. Semi- detached building separates the hospital into isolated complex. Each complex contains ward connected by a central corridor to all other parts of the hospital. All wards are raised from the ground to maximise cross ventilation (fresh air) and natural lighting (daylight penetration). The central complex is where the administration and services located. The pavilion plan spatial layout is an excellence respond to the lack natural ventilation and separation of contagious diseases. During an epidemic outbreak in the hospital, it is able to quickly shut down the infected block, isolating it from the rest of the building. The rectangular form of the Royal Herbert Hospital provides better efficiency in plate ratio maximizing number of wards in the hospital. The sharp decline in hospital mortality rates and rise in public health make the pavilion principle a trend for modern hospital design. Political Influence Healthcare Buildings In 1938 the Finsbury Health centre designed by Berthold Lubetkin was opened with his allegation that nothing was too good for ordinary people. The development of the NHS was an essential crossroads in British Social History, and the Finsbury Health Centre was that monument of a socialist idealism. Finsbury was once a thickly stuffed ghetto relieved by green space and filled with epidemic disease. Given the circumstances, local politicians were determined to redeveloped Finsbury into a model of social progress. Things had to be improved, housing, education, hygiene and health. The principle of Finsbury Health Centre was to make healthcare available for free at a single point of delivery and the spatial arrangement of the healthcare building was designed to accommodating many different kinds of medical treatment, as opposed to being scattered all through the borough. After six decades of National Health Service, many of Finsbury principle has been adopted which led to the belief of Ber thold Lubetkin that the building serves as an instrument of social improvement. The form of the Healthcare centre is design in a letter H with public spaces located in the ground floor plan. Core public spaces such as the reception, lecture theatre and services are located in the centre section of the building with ramped services provided from the garden entrance. Both wings on the side of the building are flexibly planned clinical accommodation with different healthcare spaces. The floor plates of the building is extended from ground floor to first floor. Emergency patients can access independently to the basement floor from the rear service courtyard. The building is built from reinforced concrete frame with glass block and curtain wall infill, tiled wall surrounds and asphalt roof. Built Environment Human Health The built environment influences health. As a species, humans need structures for physical shelter, as manifestation of social and cultural values, and as embodiments of spiritual and emotional needs. As population growth accelerates, the production of the built environment becomes more resource intensive, stressing indigenous building materials and methodologies beyond their sustainable capacities. Resource depletion, in turn, negatively impacts human health. Clinical medicine and public health do not always define health as the mere absence of disease. As stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) that a person health is define in the state of physical, mental, and social well-being. Architecture and planning can promote this broader conception of human health and well-being. In the nineteenth century, infectious diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid, pneumonia, and rubella were responsible for the majority of deaths. To a large degree, these could be, and eventually were, controlled through environmental and clinical public health interventions. Many of these health improvements were achieve through urban planning and zoning mechanisms, reflecting a close partnership among urban planning, public health, and allopathic medicine. Moving into the twenty-first century, a long-term chronic illness such as cancer, heart disease, and strokes began claiming the most lives. In the last twenty years, chronic respiratory afflictions such as asthma and sick building syndrome have emerged as widespread threats to public health. While we have created a large allopathic medical structure to deal with these issues, growing evidence indicates that a renewed partnership among urban planning, architecture, public health, and medicine will be necessary to prevent these illnesses before they occur. Case Study Gaviotas Hospital If humanity is to survive, we must move out of the cities, and learn to live sustainably in areas where people have not tried to survive before. Paolo Lugari Introduction Colombia as a country surrounded by strife and harsh condition like violence, drug trafficking, sickness, gun wars and poverty exists a functioning utopia of sustainability and peace. Gaviotas, a village founded in 1971 in the remote savannas of eastern Colombia, Llanos region by Professor Paolo Lugari, is a self-sufficient community of about two hundred. The sixteen-bed, 7,266- square foot solar powered hospital was designed and built by community members between 1982 and 1986. Gaviotas Hospital, elegant in its pragmatic functionality manifests a humanistic core value that identify as an oasis of imagination and sustainability Utopia to Reality Gaviotas Hospital started out as an experiment by a group of local engineer, scholars and scientist in attempt to transform an empty and remote plot of land with no arable soil into a rich and self-sustaining productive community. One of the most remarkable process of developing Gaviotas was regenerate the soil (which had a high acidity in the soil, pH4) into growable condition for trees. Scientist found a solution by using Caribbean pine trees, which have a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungus that helps to keep them alive in acidic conditions. The pine tree help provide shade, reducing the ultraviolet rays penetrating the earth and with the increment of rain fall. All these combinations help created a fertile soil with a pH value of around 6.8. The community is now able to grow different rages of agricultural food. Key Disease Treatment Eighty percent of diseases in Colombia are water-related disease which include Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Typhoid Fever. All these disease causes the victims to exhibit signs of fever, jaundice, diarrhea, abdominal pain and sometimes death if left untreated. Considering all these diseases, the main causes of suffering for the local population is gastrointestinal disorders disease, which affect seventy- five percent of the population attributable to unclean drinking water. Lugari shifted his attention from curative to preventative medicine by supplying clean water straight from Gaviotas. The hospitals provision of purified water by using simple solar energy distillation technology to immediately reduced sickness and deaths previously plaguing the villages. Sustainable and Built Environment When a new building is found to show signs of water leakage into the new building, it is immediately seen as a design and construction fault by the architect or contractor and they are force to absorb the cost of repair. On the contrary, if there is excess heat in the building causing thermal discomfort to the user, the user will automatically assume its the weather and complain about it without further investigating on the design. Resulting in installing air conditioning systems for their house. Bioclimatic error is neglected in the end. The Gaviotas Hospital feed solely on clean energy by taking advantage of nature. Functioning as an off-the-grid structure, the hospital relies on solar, wind power, mini-hydraulics and biomass for the buildings modest energy demands, the hospital is able operate without consuming drops of oil or fossil fuel. All this was made possible by integrating passive design strategies for cooling. A series of underground ducts enabled the buildings interior to maintain cool temperatures by creating a convective loop: cooled underground air entered the building, and warmer air escaped through honeycombed shaped air channels in the double layered corrugated roof. Despite frequent 100 percent humidity, a passive dehumidification system inspired by the workings of a termite mound contributed to comfortable indoor conditions. The surgical room maintained 17 percent humidity year-round the lush landscape was replete with organic produce and medicinal herbs. People were kept connected to the outdoors through operable skylights, daylit spaces, and a retractable galvanized metal roof over patient areas which provide view at the night. Looking into Bioclimatic Technologies Underground Ventilation Duct- During the day of dry season, temperature is range between 17ÂÂ °C to 35ÂÂ °C. Ventilated air is circulated through 5 large underground thermal stabilizing ducts by wind and wind extractors at a constant temperature of 25ÂÂ °C. Heat is distributed through the duct within the garden, maintaining the temperature of the soil several degrees below average thermal weight of the region. Double Coolant Cover- The ceiling of the hospital consists of a double coolant layer which allows circulation of air. The upper layer absorbs heat and induces the circulation; the lower layer stays cool, avoiding infrared radiation from the upper layer. Sliding Roofs- The rooms in the hospitalization area have manual operating sliding roofs. These sliding roofs is operated by bicycle mechanism which allows to withdraw 60% of its cover during both the day and night. Utilizing the sliding roofs helps sterilize the room using radiation and also control exposure of sun to the patient. Wind Turbine References http://reps.chelseagreen.com/files/pdf/gaviotas_pr_LowRes.pdf Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World, 2nd Edition http://www.nationalpost.com/sense+sustainability+utopia+made+real+colombia/1302554/story.html Nature and Healing Emotional, physiological, social and cognitive benefits are generated in contact with nature as demonstrated by researches in an assortment of fields over the course of recent years. All the benefits which include improvement of emotional functioning, attention capacity and feelings of self-worth, reduces mental and physical stress that effects people on the individual level. Social benefits are also evident from studies of recreational activities and gardening. Being in a natural setting strengthens group ties and promotes prosocial behaviours. However, the understanding of nature healing is not all equally beneficial. Tall large trees, water features and a variety of shrubs and flowers serves better healing purposes than spaces with only grass. Humans evolved in the a natural rather than artificial or human-constructed world. Biophilia developed as a genetic tendency because of our species long dependence on functionally adapting to the natural environment. Given the evidence of the health and well-being benefits that accrue from contact with nature, it is somewhat surprising that healthcare institutions have slowly incorporating nature into building and site design. Gardens, sunlight, and landscape views have positive effects on both patient and financial outcomes. To enhance connection to nature, healthcare buildings have incorporate more views of nature and sunlight in healthcare setting. Sunlight in patient rooms is also associated with a reduction in pain, stress, and depression and gives out positive moods. Case study Paimio Sanatorium The sanatorium is an establishment for the medical treatment of people who are convalescing or have a chronic illness. The Paimio sanatorium is a former tuberculosis sanatorium in Paimio, Southwest Finland, designed by a Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. Prior completion in 1932, the building served exclusively as a tuberculosis sanatorium till 1960s, and then converted into a general hospital. The building was soon nominated to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its importance. Alvar Aaltos starting point for the design of the sanatorium was to make the building itself a benefactor to the healing process, which he referred the building as a medical instrument. Alvar Aalto utilized what was naturally available which was sunlight due to lack of medical advancement. Sunlight balconies was design on each floor of the building to improve lives of the tuberculosis patients in Paimio Sanatorium. Weak patients were able to pulled out of their bed to rest in an environment to be exposed to sunshine and clean air. Furthermore, the sun balconies are also a platform for patient to take pleasure in the generous views to the woodlands surrounding the place. Effectively incorporating these biophilic design elements in constructed buildings and landscapes to varying degrees and in various combinations can enhance human health and well-being. Biophilic design elements can guide healthcare designers and hospital developers in addressing the inherent human affinity for nature. Purified Air, Clean Air? Good Air, good Health There have been many developments in the science and practical application of improved indoor air quality. Most recently, these developments have been in the area of source control for which the industry has developed effective guidelines and best practices. Efforts began in the 1980s with the indoor air quality guidelines of the World Health Organisation (WHO). Using these guidelines appropriately, we can inform building owners and operators about the quality of the air in their facilities. Indoor air samples taken in a building pre- and post occupancy and during its functional life as part of an ongoing commissioning program, can be analysed for chemical concentrations. The goal is to design, construct, and operate healthcare facilities so that the indoor concentrations of chemicals of concern (carcinogens, reproductive toxicants, and chemicals with chronic or long-term health effects) are low enough to minimize their harmful effects and not impact the occupant health negatively. Four Design Principles for Healthy Indoor Air Quality Source control: minimize the indoor chemical concentrations by reducing or eliminating pollutant sources. For healthcare facilities, this involves two separate strategies: The building: Select and install building materials and finishes that minimize or eliminate indoor pollutant sources The buildings contents: substitute low-emitting furnishings, medical products, materials, and cleaning agents for the previously used, more toxic materials. Examples of this are the use of PVC-free furniture and window shades and the use of nonlatex gloves. Ventilation control: Provide adequate ventilation to dissipate and purge indoor air pollutants. Building and IAQ commissioning: This is a process used during design and construction to verify that a building is constructed as designed and operates as intended. Recommissioning should occur regularly to ensure that the building continues to perform as intended. Operations and maintenance: Perform regular inspection, maintenance, and cleaning of the building and its contents. Case Study University of California-San Francisco Osher Center for Integrative Medicine Numerous building products, including floor materials, wall panels and ceiling tiles in the Osher Centre for Intergrative Medicine have been reformulated chemically of building material to reduce chemical emissions based on these specifications. Many institution trade groups have begun developing or have already developed the same level of compliance certification. Breathing Easier Over the last twenty-five years, much attention has been paid to improving indoor air quality as a result of the practical application of scientific research with a new consciousness about occupant health, architects and engineers are producing new building designs, system, and specifications. The manufacturing industry is responding with both reformulated and brand new green products. Giving material specifiers more confidence in selecting healthy materials, and construction industry is responding by incorporating green construction methods. Scientific test proves and qualitative feedback from occupants of these enhanced IAQ buildings confirms that improved indoor air quality improves every breath staff, visitors, and especially patients take and how they feel. A larger healthcare infrastructure will mean more energy, more materials, more development. Without the transformation of the building sector in healthcare, continued system expansion will increase the ecological resource burdens within communities. The transformation of the materials marketplace in the service of indoor air quality will be challenging. Without the limitation from organisation limiting on the budget and purchasing power of healthcare industry, greener cleaning products, and improved indoor air quality can have a major impact on moving toward cleaner building.

Humanitys Fate in King Lear :: English Literature Essays

Humanity's Fate in King Lear Many tragedies have been written throughout history. The purpose of these tragedies were to illustrate some type of moral lesson. The tragic situation involves man's miscalculation of reality and the fatal results of those miscalculations. Our tragic hero must endure a great deal of suffering. It ends in his ruin or destruction. We must also understand that tragedy not only destroys the guilty, but also the innocent. The tragic hero represents what could happen to humankind. He is responsible for his society. He is a representation of our own fate. The fate of humanity will be discussed in King Lear, by William Shakespeare. In this moving play, our tragic hero was King Lear. Our tragic hero must also have a tragic flaw. Lear's tragic flaw was his vanity. Lear is so full of himself that he doesn't realize the truth. First of all, Lear wants to divide his kingdom up into three parts for his three daughters. Each daughter's portion depended on how much they would proclaim their love for him. Lear says, "Give me the map there. Know that we have divided in three our kingdom, and 'tis our fast intent to shake all cares and business from our age, conferring them on younger strengths while we unburdened crawl to death."(Act I, i, l. 38-41) Lear should not have relinquished his powers in the first place. He expects to be treated like a king when he no longer will have the power of a king. Secondly, he says, " Great rivals in our youngest daughter's love, long in our court have made their amorous sojourn, and here are to be answered. Tell me, my daughters ( Since now we will divest us both of rule, Interest of te rritory, cares of state), which of you should we say doth love us most? That we our largest bounty may extend where nature doth with merit challenge."(Act I, i, l. 47-53) Within these few lines, we see Lear's first sign of vanity. For one daughter to receive more land than another, one must proclaim their love to be more than the other. He is measuring their love with land. Naturally, his first two daughters, Goneril and Regan, will lie to him, but his vanity blinds him from the truth. Lear's first miscalculation was dividing his land between the daughters. The second is allowing his vanity to get the best of him.

Personal Development: Time Management Essay

Effective Time Management is a valuable resource. Those who learn to value it go much ahead in life. On the other hand, the people who take time for granted often end up losing much. Prioritizing well is the key to time management and proper management of time can improve the quality of your life, almost dramatically. These are some of the benefits of Effective Time Management: Allows You To Be In Control Everyone keeps harping about how life is beyond their control. While certain things really are, it is still possible to take command of most of the things in life with much ease. Reduces Stress & Frustration Effective Time management is the most valuable resource and yet, the most undervalued. It needs to be acknowledged that a paucity of time for finishing tasks makes you feel stressed out and frustrated and the spill-over effect is to be seen in every aspect of your life. Saves Quality Time Managing time also helps you in saving precious time, which you can utilize in pursuing your hobbies or spending quality time with your family. Boosts Confidence And A Sense Of Achievement Completing tasks within a set time period boosts your confidence and self belief, as your life seems to be under your control. REVIEW TIME-MANAGEMENT SKILLS TO ACHIEVE ORGANASATIONAL AND PERSONAL OBJECTIVES. Time management skills to achieve organisational and personal objective are: MAKE USE OF DOWN TIME by Using walking, driving, showering, or otherwise â€Å"dead† times to plan. Think about what your goals are for that day or the next. Again, REWARD YOURSELF Whenever you accomplish something, especially the important things, make sure to take the time to reward yourself. Also AVOID PROCRASTINATION AT ALL COST When trying to be more productive and trying to save time, procrastination should be avoided like nothing else. APPROPRIATE TOOLS TO CONDUCT A TIME MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS Activity logs are the key component to any sort of time management. Record your time spent on tasks and spot what areas that need improvement. Prioritization is the next critical ingredient to time management success; it’s what lets you know what you should be spending the most time and effort on. Another crucial part to add to your time management tools is the enforcement of setting goals for you and your team. SECTION 2: SKILLS AUDIT EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUAL SELF DEVELOPMENT Continual self Development are activities that improve self-knowledge and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realisation of dreams and aspirations. This encourages one be the complete entity, it allows an open frame of mind and encourages positivity. The importance of continual self development are: It helps you understand yourself better It assist you in creating your goals and life purpose It guides you in managing and spending your time effectively It enhances your ability to handle stress, adversity and change It supports you in managing your finances more wisely It teaches you to build better relationship with people It allows you to live a balanced lifestyle It provides an opportunity to take care of your health. USE APPROPRIATE METHOS TO ASSESS SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES AGAINST ORGANISATION AND PERSONAL OBJECTIVES. 1. Thinking critically and making judgments: Present a case for an interest group, prepare a committee briefing paper for a specific meeting 2. Solving problems and developing plans : Identifying problems, analyzing data, reviewing and applying information 3. Performing procedures and demonstrating techniques: By following protocols, carrying out instructions, observing real or simulated professional practice 4. Managing and developing oneself : working co-operatively, learning independently, being self directed, manage time, manage task 6. Demonstrating knowledge and understanding: By relating and interrelating, recognizing and identifying. MAKE SUGGESTIONS FOR FILLING IDENTIFIED SKILLS GAPS Know your organization â€Å"Many companies these days are taking on the ‘lean philosophy’ to cut expenses,†. individuals study the organization, and look for the positions that will likely take on greater responsibilities if and when positions are cut. Know where your company is going â€Å"Employees should look at future goals that are outlined in company-wide annual goal-setting meetings,†. By reviewing these goals, it’s easy for employees to uncover other educational frameworks that will meet these goals. Focus on customer service Employees should dig into their customer base to uncover any customer service improvement ideas that can be brought to the superiors. Find a mentor Connecting with a professional mentor or becoming active in relevant professional organizations can help employees learn more about the trends within their industry. SECTION 3: PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PRODUCE A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AGAINST S.M.A.R.T OBJECTIVES Personal Development Plan is a continuous process of targeted reflection and self-improvement – identifying your current and future needs, and working out how you can meet them. It also includes activities that improve awareness and identity, develop talents and potential, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the realization of dreams and aspirations. Producing a personal development plan against S.M.A.R.T objectives by: Improving self-awareness, improving self-knowledge, improving or learning new skills, becoming a self-leader, building or renewing identity/self-esteem, developing strengths or talents, improving wealth, spiritual development, identifying or improving potential, building employability or human capital, enhancing lifestyle or the quality of life, fulfilling aspirations, initiating a life enterprise or personal autonomy PLAN RESOURCES NEEDED TO IMPLEMENT THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Questionnaires; Semester planners; Details of your meetings with your personal tutor; Academic and/or personal problems you may have encountered; Your academic targets; Personal records of your progress in course units; Exam results and other achievements; Your career goals. SECTION 4: IMPLEMENTING A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN DESCRIBE THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN The importance of monitoring a personal development plan is to ensure that activities are kept within the parameters of the agreed strategic aims and objectives; Also to ensure that activities are consistent with personal vision, mission and values; and keep under review internal and external changes which may require changes to the personal’s strategy or affect their ability to achieve their objectives. It also helps in monitoring one’s progress, it helps in evaluating personal performance. USE APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES TO REVIEW THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN. Solicit Feedback Regularly: Perception is reality. Seek to understand how people perceive you. You may not be achieving the impact you expected in leading or working with others. You cannot adjust your approach without the benefit of feedback that can inform you in terms of how your intentions were received by others. Be proactive in finding out what people think about you and your style of interacting and your approach. Be open to and appreciative of the feedback you receive, not defensive. Reflect on Performance: Some successful people are gregarious and extroverted while others are reserved and introverted. But all successful people know how to spend time alone being reflective and thoughtful about recent performance and behaviour. Always take ample time at the conclusion of major elements of work to reflect on the quality of what you produced and the effectiveness of your work with others. The key to reflecting on performance is remaining balanced in your self-assessment. Be self -critical: understand what you could have done better and learn from these mistakes. Know Your Strengths  and Weaknesses: As you collect feedback and reflections, come to understand your personal strengths and weaknesses. Know that everyone has both. Successful people build success from their strengths while they limit the negative impact of their weaknesses. UPDATE THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN To develop the ability to make choices, set goals and take action. Develop a rational opinion and explain the reasoning behind it. Seek solutions/alternative options Listen and observe Be aware of disadvantage and changing needs – old age/ illness/ disability Develop positive relationships with a variety of people Share responsibility for group tasks Anticipate and counter negative reaction and rationale Resolve conflicts Make choices and decisions Set goals, plan, organise, promote, implement, evaluate. Recognized their own worth Demonstrate assertiveness, to enable active citizenship, at home, at school and in the community. REFLECTIVE LEARNING STATEMENT The main theme of this unit which is PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT have a significant impact in my work role and has helped me to realised the talent and competency in me. It allows me to be in control of my time, managing it effectively and utilizing it to the fullest. It also boost my confidence and sense of achievement with self belief as my life seems to be under my control. It assist me in setting adequate goals for myself and avoid procrastination at all cost The belief that I can achieve and be successful in whatsoever am doing is my strength at the start and end of this unit While time interval and access to books from the library serve as a weakness.

History of the Gulf War

History of the Gulf War Free Online Research Papers Since the Arab oil embargo of 1974, Western states have attempted to find alternatives to their growing dependence on imported oil. However, the West did a better job of negotiating regional security arrangements to protect the leading sources of oil imports than it did in finding substitutes. With the fall of the Shah of Iran and the Iranian hostage situation, the West lost its only regional military base. This loss caused an increased risk that the Gulf could be dominated by a radical anti-Western power (Cordessman 1-2). When Iraq invaded Kuwait, the West moved quickly and decisively to strike down the enemy that would threaten its allies and deprive it of its supply of oil. In a television address, President George Bush stated, â€Å"No nation should rape, pillage, and brutalize its neighbor,† and â€Å"No nation should be able to wipe a member state of the United Nations and the Arab League off the face of the earth (Smith 1).† The war against Iraq was fought for a high principle. Aggression must be punished. There are many reasons, both military and diplomatic, that caused the U.S. to take military action against Iraq’s aggression. One military reason for American involvement was a strategic argument. This argument centered on the conclusion that fighting now may prevent other wars. If force is not used when words fail, future aggressors will be less likely dissuaded by nonviolent means (Dunnigan and Bay 71-72). National security is supported on a three-legged stool called ‘Military Strategy.’ The legs of this stool must be balanced or national security may be in jeopardy. The stool rests on an angle and that angle represents risks associated with not achieving an objective. There were several risks associated with the U.S. military strategy used in the Gulf War. The first risk the U.S. faced was credibility. The U.S. had to prove to the world that it could handle the diplomatic and military challenges posed by Iraq. The second risk was the potential for a great number of casualties. The U.S. took a calculated risk in assuming that the ultimate toll of American and Allied lives would be lower if it applied overwhelming military force (Dunnigan and Bay 73). National security was threatened and the U.S. military strategy was employed. President Bush acted immediately to protect U.S. interests and to punish aggression when the first Iraqi tanks crossed into Kuwait. The national security objective: to deter aggression against the U.S., its citizens, interests, or allies, and defeat such aggression if deterrence fails was achieved. America demonstrated to the world that it has the forces and will use them to counter aggression when its vital interests are at stake. The U.S. used a sequential, step-by-step approach towards attaining their military objective. The strategy was to execute a series of discrete steps and actions to attain the objective. Reinforced by cumulative strategies, the U.S. achieved crushing results. The first strategy was to use an indirect approach, focusing on economic sanctions and non-military options. President Bush immediately signed two executive orders which froze Iraqi assets and barred U.S. trade with Iraq. Economic sanctions began to take hold but there was a marked increase in enemy forces in Kuwait. Naval warships that were stationed in the Gulf were bolstered to demonstrate a show of force. The goal was to prevent or limit the scope of war. Naval operations were a vital part of the Gulf War. Surface warships and amphibious craft threatened the Kuwait coast. The Navy fleet destroyed the small but potentially effective Iraqi coast defense navy; neutralized Iraqi mines; and threatened a major amphibious assault on Iraqi forces in Kuwait. Allied Naval forces maintained the naval embargo and isolated Iraq from the outside world. The Navy stood ready to lead reentry into the Arabian Peninsula if Arab and American ground forces were overwhelmed. These actions supported the maritime theory which provides that we can subdue an enemy if we control the seas and starve the enemy. The continental theory stresses that a decisive victory can be achieved by destroying the enemy’s armed forces and then physically occupying their territory. Continental strategists believe that air and naval forces serve only to support ground forces. There were two phases of Operation Desert Storm which support this theory: the air war and the ground offensive. Allied forces waged the air war to win air supremacy, destroy strategic targets, and to degrade Iraqi ground forces. Using a series of discrete, sequential actions, the allied forces gained air supremacy and destroyed targets vital to the Iraqi war effort. The Iraqi air defense system was rendered ineffective. The allies continued the air war to maximize Iraqi and minimize allied casualties. Air power was the key component in the Allies’ psychological warfare campaign to demoralize the Iraqi Army. These actions paved the way for the ground war. General Schwarzkopf’s plan for the ground war was the climax of the cumulative strategy. The general used the direct strategy and utilized principles of deception, concentration of force, and speed. The goal of the ground war was to regain control of Kuwait by neutralizing Iraqi ground forces (Britannica 231-232). Operation Desert Storm was an AirLand Battle. All allied weapons systems and troops worked together, complementing one another, so that speed and firepower overwhelmed Iraq. The Allies used initiative. U.S. forces used agility to execute rapid and bold maneuver in the ground campaign. The coalition used depth to retain the ability to fight and defend in any direction. Synchronization was used to put all the pieces together in a continuous combat operation (Dunnigan and Bay 263). The strategies used by the U.S. in the Gulf War were developed for a limited war. Allied forces joined and engaged their military forces to defeat the enemy using well-trained manpower and technologically advanced weapons systems. NATO member nation-states joined forces to protect and defend Kuwait from the Iraqi invasion using a strategy of collective military security. The collective military strategy posed some problems for the allies. One of the problems was the difference in equipment. Each member state had its own way of caring for equipment. Communications equipment and procedures presented a big problem. New procedures were developed on the spot to address this problem. The coalition of allied forces combined strength to increase their military might and demonstrate a show of force. The major key was a direct strategy whereby force was the essential factor. Psychology and planning was the minor, indirect strategy. Propaganda which demoralized the enemy and strategic bombing and naval warfare were parts of the direct and indirect strategies. The U.S. made the first strike offense. Massive firepower virtually eliminated all efforts for retaliation. Air power cut Iraqi communications and denied air reconnaissance. The coalition forces isolated the Iraqi Army and nearly killed it. The Allies effectively used their forward defense strategy to contain the Iraqis and prevent them from expansion. The Iraqis’ initial approach to military strategy was to assure the U.S. that its oil supply was not in jeopardy and that Israel would not be attacked. The Iraqis believed that by making these assurances, the U.S. would not interfere in its quarrel with Kuwait. Iraq was using a deterrent strategy to induce the U.S. from retaliating against it. The deterrent strategy was also present in Saddam Hussein’s Iraq-Arab diplomatic talks. The Iraqis would not attack their neighbors if they would agree to give billions of dollars in gifts, forgive Iraq’s war debts, and make certain land concessions. The Iraqi Army was a formidable force. The Iraqis had billions of dollars’ worth of Russian and Western equipment. They also had a large cadre of experienced NCOs and officers which made them highly competent (Dunnigan and Bay 76). The Gulf War was a general war for Iraq. The Iraqis employed all of their resources to win and faced the possibility of total destruction. The Iraqis marched on Kuwait using a direct military strategy. They built defensive positions and engaged in a head-on battle with the Kuwaitis. They also launched a direct airborne assault against Kuwait and moved to secure the Saudi border. These actions support the continental theory which says that victory can be achieved by destroying the enemy’s armed forces and then physically occupying their land. The Iraqis were always on the defensive. They improved their defensive positions and fortified the area with fire trenches, minefields and other obstructions. These defensive strategies were designed to conquer Kuwait and improve Iraq’s ability to counterattack. Iraq used a direct strategy throughout the war. The Iraq-Iran War had left them well equipped and experienced. They expected to use fortification and deception skills to defeat the enemy. The Iraqi forces were fierce on paper. The Army was the fifth largest in the world, with some 950,000 personnel, 5,500 main battle tanks, 10,000 other armored vehicles, and nearly 4,000 artillery pieces. The Air Force of 40,000 personnel had 689 combat aircraft. The Army and Air Force had extensive combat experience from the 1980-88 Iraq-Iran War, including large-scale use of chemical weapons. Iraq was also developing biological weapons. Iraq also was capable of delivering chemical and biological weapons. Iraq intended to use its forces to clearly demonstrate a show of force. Assured destruction is when an aggressor can inflict unacceptable damage on a foe, even after absorbing a first attack. Iraq would use chemical and biological weapons even after the allies had made the first strike offensive. The Iraqis used the assured destruction strategy as an defensive tactic. The Iraqis used the second strike strategic concept as a deterrent to show the U.S. that it maintained the ability to fight back. The strategy was to dig, fortify Kuwait and create a huge â€Å"hedgehog† defensive position. Iraq used its elite Republican Guard for the forward defense. These dug-in forces and complementing minefields, tank traps, fire trenches and other trench and bunker warfare were supposed to frighten the Allies. This was a psychological strategy that was designed to convince the coalition that attacking Iraqi forces would lead to heavy casualties among allied troops. The Iraqis’ objective was to show force throughout the Gulf War. Their strategy was a direct, head-on tactic. The threat of chemical warfare was consistently used as a psychological deterrent. During the Gulf crisis, the U.S. moved quickly and decisively to strike down an enemy that would deprive it of its supply of oil and threaten its national security. The war was a personal crusade for President Bush. It was a black and white struggle between good and evil; an opportunity â€Å"to stand up for what’s right and condemn what’s wrong (Smith 1).† Aggression had to be punished. WORKS CITED Bennis, Phyllis and Michael Moushabeck. Beyond the Storm. New York: Olive Branch Press, 1991. Cordessman, Anthony H. The Gulf and the West Strategic Relations and Military Relations. Colorado: Westview Press, 1992. Dunnigan, James F. and Austin Bay. From Shield to Storm, 1st ed. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1992. Sergeants Major Academy, U.S. U.S. Military Strategy. Fort Bliss, Texas: 1997. Smith, Jean Edward. George Bush’s War. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1992. â€Å"The Gulf War.† Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. (1992), 231-232. Research Papers on History of the Gulf WarAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Open Architechture a white paperEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropePETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice