An Article On Morality And Foreign Policy - 889 Words

Kat Wallace, ITS 365B, Section 3, 9/21/2015 George F. Kennan 1985/86 Morality and Foreign Policy. Foreign Affairs 64(2):205-218. George F. Kennan, author of the article Morality and Foreign Policy, asserts that, â€Å"Government is an agent, not a principal† (Kennan 206), their needs have no moral quality. Additionally, the U.S is often asked to take action on concerns such as, the annexation of Crimea, where many attempted to play to the U.S’s morality, but the fact is that helping Crimea would not have served national interests, so while Russia was acting immorally, the U.S had no reason to act. Other issues, including World War I and World War II because we were either attacked (like the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor) or it served out state’s interests. Intervening in World War II ended the conflict, and while the U.S looked like heroes to the global community, we entered the war too late to save the six million Jews that died. â€Å"The conduct of diplomacy is the responsibility of the government† (Kennan 205) because, â€Å"the functions, commitments, and moral obligations o f governments are not the same as those of the government† (Kennan 2015). The individual has a different subset of morals and obligations than the state does. The state primarily serves one interest; their own. In serving the interests of the state, such interests have no moral quality. Additionally, the government need only be concerned with military, political life, and well-being of its people, which ariseShow MoreRelatedKant on Moral Duty1066 Words   |  4 PagesKant: â€Å"Moral Duty† Kant describes the moral dilemma of telling a lie. Kant applies that the meaning behind the false claim is what determines its morality or whether it shall be accepted. The morality of the act relies upon whether it is â€Å"clever† and self-benefitting act or whether it is a matter of duty to make the false promise. (Kant, p. 431) He claims that one commits the act of lying in order to free themselves from a their current situations of disadvantageousness; however, it is importantRead MoreBibliiography Regarding Economy Topics1076 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble with Africa: Why Foreign Aid Isn’t Working. Africa Today 56(2): 97-101 Aidoo expands on Jon Glennie’s scope of the discussion regarding aid implementation in Africa. He takes into account other prevalent work and analyzes the debate as a whole. The issue, on which people readily take sides, he contends is often too simplistically portrayed, often leading to poor solutions, typically in the form of more aid. Aidoo’s critique of Glennie, who embraces aid reduction policies, calls Glennie’s stanceRead MoreIgnorance is not Bliss Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesside of the line in the sand. It doesnt matter from whose perspective you view it from, â€Å"they† are all that is evil in the world, and â€Å"we† are the freedom-fighters, the few who fight against those who oppose us. Those hedonistic westerners with no morality. Those turban-wearing suicide bombers. Both are firmly convinced that â€Å"they† are the enemy, and â€Å"we† are fighting for what is right. But when right is a moving target, hiding behind various forces that obscure it for a multitude of reasons, howRead MoreThe Anthropology Of Welfare And Social Protection809 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussions, presentations, break out groups, and debates. My research interests revolve predominately around making sense of the rapid rise of social protection in the Global South through a specific focus on those who have been enveloped by these new policies in Kenya. While anthropologists have been drawn to understanding the proliferation of new forms of debt there still remains little engagement with social protection which does not create financial indebtedness. This despite the fact that two of theRead MoreTorture and National Security: A Moral Question Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of morals, why they are important, and to whom or for whom our moral responsibility lends itself. The curriculum is a comprehensive examination of these questions and successfully projects ideas about human morality that, depending on which text, either affirmed or questioned our morality. In addition, we have addressed moral disengagement, a plague that seems to inject every one of us with the ability to ignore or reject situations which cal l for moral action. While the curriculum does an appropriateRead MoreHuman Rights And International Relations1572 Words   |  7 Pagesthe arena of international relations and foreign policy is evidently interest-led, some have sort to see an increase in a global agenda that places value on human rights and ethical considerations. Nigel Dower, bringing a philosophical background into his perspective on international relations, soundly falls within the debate that pushes for a place for human rights in international relations. Similar to his research area in world ethics, Dower’s article aims to present his support for an ethicallyRead MoreThe Full Time Position Of Teaching Associate960 Words   |  4 Pagestheir submitted essays. I now turn to my research interests and plans which revolve predominately around making sense of the rapid rise of social protection in the Global South through a specific focus on those who have been enveloped by these new policies in Kenya. While anthropologists have been drawn to understanding the proliferation of new forms of debt there remains little engagement with forms of social protection which do not create financial indebtedness. The limited anthropological literatureRead MoreThe Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism by Pape, Bloom, and Horowitz 1429 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Terrorism involves the use of violence by an organization other than a national government to cause intimidation or fear among a target audience;† at least, this is how Pape (2003) defines terrorism in his article â€Å"The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism† (343). The goal of this article by Pape is to discuss suicide terrorism and how it â€Å"follows a strategic logic, one specif ically designed to coerce modern liberal democracies to make significant territorial concessions† (343). Similar to Pape,Read MoreNuclear Weapons and Their Importance to Modern Defense Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand force. Nuclear threats remain in the post-cold war world, and despite any moral quandary, the only action available to the United States is to maintain its nuclear arsenal and continue to rely on its policy of nuclear deterrence. Nuclear deterrence is the only way to protect America from foreign threat. North Korea, a crumbling nation kept in constant poverty and famine by the ineptness of its leadership, a nation that retains its status via constant threats of nuclear attack. Iran, a land of zealotsRead MoreEssay on Imperialism in America1192 Words   |  5 PagesThe Republican Party, led by William McKinley, were concentrating on the expansion of the United States and looking to excel in power and commerce. The Democratic Party at this time was led by William Jennings Bryan, who was absorbed in a sponge of morality and was concerned with the rights of man. The nation’s self-interest was divided into different ideas between the two parties. At this time imperialism and anti-imperialism were the dominant topics regarding America’s destiny.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One argument

Community Management and Organizations Business Plan

Questions: 1. You have been asked to explain to employees that you supervise what a business plan is and why it is important to have a business plan that focuses on customer service. Write a transcript of what you would say to them. 2. Describe the processes and tools that you will use to determine the learning and development requirements. 3.Undertake some research into the knowledge and skills held by the following learning and development specialist roles. What functions do they typically undertake in organizations? Answers: 1.The success and failure of any organization depends on how customer centric is their business plan. Today, In this age of short product life cycle and when customers have good bargaining power over suppliers due to increased competition by Globalization, the only way not only to survive but to excel also is bring custom centricity in everything what you do, show customers how passionate you are about your business helping them, show them how you are different from your competitors and how you care about your customers (Frankenberger, Weiblen, Gassmann, 2013). The key performance indicators of organizations should also be related to customer service. Key performance measures should be customer satisfaction, customer rating in feedback form, conversion rate of customers from enquiry to making purchase, resolution time and customer retention (Kupper, Jung, Lehmkuhl, Walther, Wieneke, 2014). 2. Bank as an Organization As loan defaulting rate will go to increase in near future due to credit crisis, soaring housing prices, banks must re visit their process of approval of Loan application. Their process should now be covering more aspects like paying capacity of an individual, current assets owned by him, any history of bad loans, and number of dependent on an individual and if bank sees any potential risk, it can reject the loan application or reduce the amount (Mills, McCarthy, 2014). Earlier when bank sees the risk, it increases the interest rate but when loan become bad debt, interest rate doesnt matter. Debt Recovery Section It is possible that existing team members will resist the change of new IT systems but in such cases, they must be educated why changes are indispensable in this fast moving world of constantly changing technology and what the impact is if latest technology is implemented. As the Bank will expand, it needs IT systems to keep up the pace. Also, if there any concerns of job security among the team, those also need to be addressed upfront by the management. Existing Team Members For existing team members, if there is any change in processes of the task they are part of, training will be required. For example, if an employee currently checks the new application of accounts and if there is any change expected in that process due to implementation of IT, current team should be educated by the changes and also given hands on training on the new processes. New Employees For new employees, they should be more flexible as they are not used to any type of work processes and also they have more open mindset to be mould in any process. Hence banks should ensure they should be trained in the latest processes where all IT is touching or made changes to existing processes. 3. Training/Learning and Development Manager Training and development manager facilitates the process of on boarding of new hirers by arranging training for them through meetings, presentation, training manuals and also responsible for upgrading the skills of existing employee base so as to keep employees updated. He also conducts tests sessions, quiz to evaluate the employees after training and can rate them as fit for projects or again needs training. Instructional Designer. Role of instructional designer is to identify the skillset, knowledge required by a group of people and then create such content for the targeted audience with the help of experienced people, subject matter experts. They are also responsible for constantly revising the material by including best practices from the industry (Holt, 2013). Workplace Trainer They facilitate the process of training by creating appropriate environment and also help in assessments. They help in ensuring the training should be fruitful for employees. Workplace Assessor. The role of workplace assessor is to make sure that each trainee is assessed in a proper way and rated properly as fit for projects, need to repeat training again, moderate and so on. They should be good motivator because many times while giving poor ratings to under performers, they need to motivate people also (Holt, 2013). External Learning and Development Consultant. Their role is to facilitate workshops, conducts leaning events and trainings. It is like when some new employee joined company, he has to attend some basic trainings like email etiquettes, which are generally, outsourced by the company to learning and development consultants. Sometimes, organizations also invite experts to train employees in new technology. References Frankenberger, K., Weiblen, T., Gassmann, O. (2013). Network configuration, customer centricity, and performance of open business models: A solution provider perspective.Industrial Marketing Management,42(5), 671-682. Holt, G. (2013). Roles, Functions and Capability Development for Riverina Institutes Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). Kpper, T., Jung, R., Lehmkuhl, T., Walther, S., Wieneke, A. (2014). Performance measures for social CRM: a literature review.Proceedings of the 27th Bled eConference, 125-139. Mills, K., McCarthy, B. (2014). The state of small business lending: Credit access during the recovery and how technology may change the game.Harvard Business School General Management Unit Working Paper, (15-004).

Inefficiency in Operations Hawkesbury Pty. Ltd.

Question: Discuss about the Inefficiency in Operations for Hawkesbury Pty. Ltd. Answer: Introduction: A manufacturing organization in the fixtures fittings sector named as Hawkesbury Cabinets Pty. Ltd. was commenced by Fung and Mei Chen in Sydney in 2008. Their unique selling proposition is that they manufacture customised kitchen cabinets. By profession, Mei Chen has been qualified as an interior designer and Fung has done masters in making cabinet. In the initial years of their enterprise, they had very diverse customer base. As time passes by, Fung carried forward the duties of production manager and an operations manager, while Mei took the responsibility of financial issues and management of the enterprise. In the growth stage of the company, they began to take orders from builders who want standardised kitchen cabinets of high quality in the building. Like in a batch, they have to manufacture 1-5 kitchens with similar requirements. After some time, the picture shows that major part of sales and revenue is still held by customised cabinets. However, standardised cabinets have a lso become a part of business which is demanding more strict delivery. The issue is that they have just one factory where both standardised as well as customised cabinets are manufactured. Earlier the place was spacious but now it has become quite congested. Although the factory layout is quite impressive with a different block for cutting, assembling, painting, etc. the quality of their finished goods reflect the quality of factory, raw materials and workforce. Since few months back, demand for standardised kitchens has increased rapidly. The problem is that the company is experiencing a rise in work- in- progress inventory and lead time to produce cabinets, especially standardised ones. Because the costs were rising, the company was losing liquidity. Owners believed that they are growing on a good pace but actually the profits were declining. Owners have a concern to re- design their operations and their management so that they can be efficient in rendering services to all of their clients. The main problems of Hawkesbury Pty. Ltd. are evident from its current meagre operational and production policies. Few of them are listed below in detail (Wiendahl, 1995). The first issue that is observed in the situation of this cabinet manufacturing company is that they have a huge pile of inventory blocked as work- in- progress. The company is having a single location where it can manufacture the goods. They are working in two separate lines of business- one is customised cabinets for high esteem clients and the other is standardised cabinets for builders. But they have only one set of equipments. This is the reason that they are facing a stack of work- in- progress inventory. (Padachi, 2006) The above situation has also led to another day- to- day crisis. The two business lines are not complementary to each other or they are not able to be operated hand in hand. Both of them compete with each other for the processing equipments. The company has more demand of standardised cabinetry, but they give priority to customised ones because of greater profit margins. Hence, it is also evident that there are no economies of scale experienced by the company (Hershey Waclawsky, 1996). The root cause of above stated troubles is the erroneous factory layout. They must have two set of machines for both type of cabinets separately. But they have all the things clotted at one place. Everything is jam- packed. This is the reason that furniture has to wait days long to get painted or assembled or delivered. In longer duration, it is going to be a major problem for the company (Abdou Dutta, 1990). Here we come across with another dilemma of late delivery. Timely delivery is one of the major eminences of any manufacturing enterprise. Due to congested processing units, the company is not able to deliver the cabinets to the customers, especially the standardised ones. This is a day- to- day problem of the organization. It will impact medium- term goodwill of the business adversely. The impact may be carried forward to long- term if the problem is not cured urgently (Partanen Haapasalo, 2004). One more facet is evident from the situation and that is of lead time. Lead time refers to the time taken to produce one unit of output. It is counted from the day when raw materials are procured till the day when final output is delivered. Longer the lead time, greater is the cost involved (Gerwin, 1993). If we have a look at the companys financial reports, then it is apparent that the profit margins have significantly reduced. Costs have increased rapidly. The company has lost its liquidity edge. The company has lost its efficiency. Less output with more cost and more resources. All these issues are hindering the companys growth and even survival (Neely, 2008). To conclude this essay on operational management of Hawkesbury, it can be said that introduction of standardised cabinets for individual builders has an adverse impact on the business. The company is losing its operational efficiency. However, it is not off beam to spread ones business in diverse areas. The issue is that the company is not able to handle the operational issues in a competent manner. Companys liquidity, cost- effectiveness and profitability are at stake. Not only that, but there is also a question on companys goodwill because they are not able to fulfil all the orders and the issue of timely delivery is already discussed. It is a high time for the company to resolve these dilemmas as early as possible. If not cured urgently, this problematic situation will be transformed into a serious management crisis. Right now, it is hampering the companys growth and development; after some time it may also raise a question on companys survival. It is imperative for the company to heal this alarming scenario (Slack, 1987). References Abdou, G. Dutta, S.P., 1990. An integrated approach to facilities layout using expert systems. The International Journal of Production Research, 28(4), pp.685-708. Gerwin, D., 1993. Manufacturing flexibility: a strategic perspective. Management Science, 39(4), pp.395-410. Hershey, P.C. Waclawsky, J.G., 1996. System and method for a workstation monitoring and control of multiple networks having different protocols. International Business Machines Corporation. Neely, A., 2008. Exploring the financial consequences of the servitization of manufacturing. Operations Mnangement Research, 1(2), pp.103-18. Padachi, K., 2006. rends in working capital management and its impact on firms performance: an analysis of Mauritian small manufacturing firms. International Review of business research papers, 2(2), pp.45-58. Partanen, J. Haapasalo, H., 2004. Fast production for order fulfillment: Implementing mass customization in electronics industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 90(2), pp.213-22. Slack, N., 1987. The flexibility of manufacturing systems. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 7(4), pp.35-45. Wiendahl, H.P., 1995. Load-oriented manufacturing control. Springer. pp.37-199.

Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov Review Essay Example

Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov Review Paper Essay on Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov By reading Amos Tutuola I pushed the head of the book Elizabeth Costello Dzh.M.Kutzee African novel. It it was a question of African authors: their books on the home continent hardly read, and they are forced to work for export, while trying to please both his and other peoples. According to Coetzee, African writers are guided in his work to the west, playing on the identity and originality, but they often forget that the first should write for the people, to write a good book about the pressing issues without looking at the audience. It is also considered the thesis of the oral nature of the African novel. As an example, two authors Amos Tutuola and Ben Okri were mentioned as the most famous of African writers. Such a detailed story on this chapter due to the fact that in part through the prism expressed in her ideas I took the book of Amos Tutuola Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov »  «Palm Pyanar. is a literary fairy tale, based on the beliefs of the Yoruba African people (thanks Wikipedia!). The main character, who is also the Father of the Gods Vsenasvetemoguschy lost Vinarov, who took it and went to the other world. Life without Pyanaryu Vinarov not sweet, and he embarks on a journey to the City of the Dead, to return a faithful servant. Along the way he meets Death, the Universal Mother, the Giant, as well as a wide variety of spirits, beasts and creatures: Dobychlivyh, terrible, unseen, Red and beautiful. narrative style is really like more came to oral tradition, a very simple, quite specific language (a consequence of Nigerian English), endless repetition and alliteration on paper almost frightening: We will write a custom essay sample on Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Journey to the City of the Dead, or Palm Pyanar and Upokoyny Vinarov Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At first we thought it was a bomb exploded but then realized with whom met with laughter, and here Being othohotalis and laughter laughed for two hours first, we can only wonder and listened to, but less than a minute, we forgot about the pain and began pohohatyvat, then laughed and started. with laughter until yvatsya with laughter, and he laughed and laughed, giggled in different voices and supporting voices we are in lifes nothing funny about not heard Although the book and the Nigerian author, fabulous plot moves are universal:. Hero runs numerous tests, meets with many dangers, defeats or simply running from the clutches of the enemy, he rescues from the lair of the monster beautiful girl, of course, all of this under a thick sauce of local color and legends. Reads easily and quickly, sometimes funny, sometimes surprising, and horizons expanded. According to the general impression, we can agree with Coetzee and recognize the book African lubok (I exaggerate, of course) as held for sale to Western readers-tourists. Reflections Coetzee are without a decent base, especially as he looks at African literature from the inside, but the impressions of the book in any way pleasant. But you can look at the Palm Pyanarya and on the other hand. Tutola writes about love, friendship, treachery in his own fashion, exotic and recognizable. Primitive, but powerful images of dangers, enemies, obstacles encountered on the way of every seeker. The whole book a great metaphor search for happiness man who can be the Father of the Gods Vcenasvetemoguschim, but only when he remembers it and believe in its power. So Amos Tutuola much more interesting and profound than it might seem at first glance.

Why This Play Now Sample Essay Is Perfect For This Perfect Occasion?

Why This Play Now Sample Essay Is Perfect For This Perfect Occasion?The reason I included this sample in my article is because it is an excellent example of what you can do with just a few lines of necessary information and material. So, here's why this play now sample essay is so perfect for this perfect occasion - you don't need a fancy plotline or any fancy acting abilities. Just your own personal feelings and your own very unique perspective will do!The most obvious reason that this play now sample is perfect for your article on this topic is that you don't need any background information to pull the reader in. All you need is for them to be interested enough to want to read the rest of the article, no matter how much they dislike the subject. These types of articles are perfect for topics like this. They only need to get people to read the article to be successful.Another reason that this is perfect for this is that you can go on the offensive and bring out a great 'sale' for th e article you're writing. To achieve this, you only need to supply some targeted words of appropriate emphasis or 'backfire' style tips. But the key point here is that the reader should not find the information confusing or redundant.Finally, and this is the most important reason of all, is that if you do all of this right, your article will give them a great way to 'start the day'. A great article is something that they should read over again. And if you can just use a great play now sample essay, to start them off that way, then you have already won an argument.Of course, if you're doing this for a friend, or even a complete stranger, then you probably don't need any of this help. But if you're writing to help a friend or even a complete stranger, then you must think about this article as a gift. In fact, write your article exactly the way you would, or wish, to be written. Don't try to improvise. It's very unlikely that your friend or someone else reading this article will get th e joke or it may seem a little contrived. So, just treat it like you would your own first draft.You can also add on to the article a link to a resource or perhaps a related video that your friend might find very useful. This will help to get them more interested in the article and make them want to read it more. So, why not use this play now sample essay to give your friend a gift?

buy custom Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program essay

buy custom Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program essay Breastfeeding rate among low income women in Chicago are much low than those in the high income population. Most of these women in the low income areas in Chicago stop breastfeeding after a very short duration that is below six month period (WHO, 2003). Breastfeeding peer counseling encourages and support pregnant mothers and breastfeeding mothers. It is done by currently breastfeeding mothers and those who have done so in the past. These mothers must be well informed about the importance of breast milk to the infant. It includes individual counseling and mother to mother support groups. These groups undergo specific training to acquire knowledge and skills about breastfeeding and may work in informal group, visit other women in their homes, clinic and hospitals. Pear support includes education about breastfeeding, psycho-emotional support, help solving problems pertaining breastfeeding and encouragement Breastfeeding is very crucial and beneficial to infants because it make them grow healthy because b mreast milk contains a lot of nutrients that increase body immunity that protects infants against some common childhood illnesses and infections. It protects an infant against inflammatory, autoimmune and malignant diseases thus impacting a longer term immune function. It also protects mother health because it minimizes chances of getting breast cancer. Therefore, women who dont have health problems should try to breastfeed their children for at least the first six month of life but women with infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, active tuberculosis should not breastfeed because they will transmit infectious agents to the infants (Howard, et al., 1999). Human breast milk has various immunological active compounds e.g. antimicrobial enzymes, leukocytes, and immunoglobulin. On top of that it contains tolerance promoting substances such as fatty acids, platelet activating factors interleukin-10. Once a child is born, it does not have a very strong immune system and the breast milk is the one that strengthens the immune system of the baby which makes it very essential to new born babies (Howard, et al., 1999). Background To implement effective breastfeeding peer counseling, one should have clear understanding of the targeted group of which in this case is low income mothers in Chicago IL place. One should know their attitude in terms of how they perceive breastfeeding process and how they do it. Also challenges faced by this women and how to minimize them should be well highlighted. Again, in planning process, one should identify the key stakeholders and facilities available that will help to make this project effective and efficient. Breastfeeding peer counseling do have great impact because it educate other women about the breastfeeding benefits and encourage one another to use appropriate measures such as prolonged breastfeeding and necessary items such as nutritious food to make it effective and beneficial to both mothers and children. It includes people who promote breastfeeding, facilitators, breastfeeding researchers and analysts. Chicago IL community should be analyzed to identify their core values and norms pertaining breastfeeding. It will also help to understand their attitudes, occupation and interaction and relationship. This is to enable implementers to know appropriate strategy to follow to achieve the desired objective. Attitude about breastfeeding has changed due to womens role transformation in recent decades. Ninety one married women recruited during childbirth education classes in the Chicago metropolitan area survey, shows that most of the women developed positive attitude towards breastfeeding and bottle feeding. Due to low income earned, Chicago women fail to access enough nutritious food rich of ions and calcium that help them produce quality and quantity breast milk. Therefore, they stop breastfeeding at an early weaning. On top of that, they are not capable of acquiring hospital based breastfeeding services because is too much expensive for them. Again they are not in the position to manage infectious diseases associated with poor breast feeding ways. These diseases include influenza, asthma and diarrhea. Majority spend a lot of time in work place trying to gather enough for the family leaving their infants unattended. This is because they earn low wages and therefore they have to work overtime in order to raise enough to sustain their families. Alternatively they have to do more than one job per day to boost their surplus. Therefore, No much free time left for breastfeeding infants hence poor growth and development. Peer pressure also interferes with breastfeeding whereby they advocate for early weaning. This has been like a code of conduct where every woman observes it. They believe that, if they prolong breastfeeding they end up getting old faster while young. Again they fear breastfeeding in the public areas because they consider it indecent. Sometimes, they are denied the right to breastfeed in working place by their employers Low income women in Chicago are not well informed about the importance of prolonged breastfeeding and the possible problems that may arise if not well done. This is as a result of low level of education attainment because of low income that cannot cater for education expenses. Also they fail to understand about the health impacts to their children and to themselves such as low immune system and breast cancer respectively. Aims and objectives The main aims and objectives of this study on Breastfeeding peer Counseling Program is to be able to encourage breastfeeding among all the among low income women, Chicago, IL, and the promotion of the awareness of the benefits of breastfeeding by educating, advocating, facilitating and supporting the breastfeeding services. The among low income women, Chicago, IL, could choose to breastfeed their babies until they reach the age of 6 months and then after that, they would then continue giving the baby complimentary foods. The overview of Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program (BPC) The Breastfeeding Peer counselor Program (BPC) is a program which is intended to target a population which is composed of low income women in Chicago hospital (Baby friendly support). This program is all about mothers helping mothers because the peer counselors of the program are mothers who have the experience of breastfeeding experience and knowledge and are out to help other mothers into the importance of breastfeeding their babies up to the age of about 6 months when the baby is old enough to be given complementary foods. These peer counselors are highly skilled since one has to have the minimum requirements to qualify to be a Breastfeeding Peer counselor. The peer counselors of the program are mothers who have completed their high school certificate and have been trained in breastfeeding management where the peer counselor has to attend 30 hours classroom training from the program coordinator on breast anatomy, physiology, social factors, counseling techniques, and breastfeeding management. The peer counselor should have scored a score of about 85% and above on all the written exams that they are presented to during the training and also have a working experience of about 3-6 months of working with a qualified peer counselor. And to ensure that the peer counselor is well informed on the breastfeeding management, she should have at least 1 hour of continuing education and also work for at least 20 hours per week. With the help of the BPC program, all the pregnant women can be able to get ready to breastfeed their babies once they are born. The pregnant women would be given counseling sessions on the importance of breastfeeding their babies and with this knowledge, they can know how breast milk is very essential to a baby. Through the program, the pregnant mothers will be able express all their thoughts and views on breastfeeding where the fearful mothers will be helped in overcoming their fears on breastfeeding so that they can be able to start it off with no fears. The BPC program is very essential to a pregnant woman because it can help in the solving and the prevention of common problems. Some mothers worry too much and it makes their problems to become very complicated. With the help of these peer counselors, they can help the situation by referring the mother to a lactating specialist or Health Care Providers. The breastfeeding peer counselors play a very important role in the BPC program because they offer breastfeeding support and share all the information that they have on breastfeeding. The BPC program has support group meetings where very many breastfeeding mothers can meet and the peer counselors are always available to every breastfeeding mother and the pregnant women. The Breastfeeding Peer Counselor can help a breastfeeding mother to be able to make a good choice concerning the breastfeeding of her baby and they are there to assist the mother with all the support regarding the decision that she has undertaken. The Breastfeeding Peer Counselor can help on how to hold the baby when breastfeeding, can help the working mothers on how to make a breastfeeding plan so that the mother can also continue to work when still breastfeeding the baby, and they provide a 24 hour support when needed since they are there to listen to all the concerns of the worried mothers. Stakeholders Key stakeholders should be identified in Chicago in order to facilitate collaborative environment that will enhance effective and efficient implementation of breastfeeding peer counseling program. These include non-hospital breastfeeding group in Chicago, like for example the La Leche League which is the best known breastfeeding support group in the world. It was initiated by groups of moms in Chicago with an aim of supporting volunteers leader to run local groups for pregnant mother and lactating women .They held several meetings to discuss about different parenting ways e.g. sleeping duration, nutritious food, relationship and mothers discipline pertaining breastfeeding. The Abiyamo Omo Society at UIC Medical Center (Chicago, IL) is focused on supporting all breastfeeding mothers and to enhance natural parenting. They also offer knitting skills to mothers to enable them earn some incme that is later used for purchasing nutritious food. Other non- hospital breastfeeding supporting groups include: Kick sprout at Family Grounds Cafe (Chicago, IL near Lincoln and Addison), New Mother New Baby (Northbrook, IL), Breastfeeding USA Chapter, Lake County-Baby Me, Be By Baby (Chicago, IL Lincoln and Roscoe). Also implementers should link with hospital based breast feeding support group such as: Adventists Hinsdale Hospital, Centegras Family Birth centers which also offer free breastfeeding support, Little company of Mary Hospital that offers new mothers an opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences, Sherman Hospital and St. Alexius Medical Center. These groups will take part in breastfeeding research and come up with possible solutions that can be used to enhance effective breastfeeding peer counseling in Chicago. Again they will help to mobilize Chicago mothers and other supportive group to work together in disseminating information about the importance of breast milk to the infants and how long infants should be breastfed. In order to enhance effective implementation of breastfeeding peer counseling program, community members must be involved. They must participate right from the grassroots level where it pertains planning, strategizing, implementing evaluating, organizing and managing the program to enhance sustainability. As a result, even new generation will benefit from this projects accomplishment such as increased awareness, positive attitude towards breastfeeding and breastfeeding services support. Men from different families should also participate in order to encourage their wives to breastfeed their children for at least 6 months duration. Again they will be informed about the most needed items that will help mother produce nutritive and plenty breast milk for their infants Local health agents should be included to improve enthusiasm among breastfeeding peer counseling and coordination. This is done through disseminating important information pertaining breastfeeding such as breastfeeding referral places, nutritious information, breastfeeding problem and how it can be eradicated. Again they will help in creating awareness to all low income earners in Chicago using the most affordable and accessible communication channels such as telephone method Furthermore, national leaders such as senates, local leaders such as chief, religious leaders such as bishops, experts such as data analysts, professionals such as facilitators and accountants, doctors and business managers should be involved too in implementing this project. They will help to mobilize people and resources leading to high achievement and collaboration. Also, they provide financial support to acquire necessary facilities and resources needed in implementing the project. Government should also be involved to promote good environmental condition for business operation through taxation and enforcement of desirable policies that favor breastfeeding peer counseling process. It gives incentives that empower women economically making them able to access nutritive food and breastfeeding services that improves breast milk quality suitable for infant growth and development Implementers should fully understand enacted breastfeeding laws in order to comply with the legal system requirement. For example Illinois has enacted several breastfeeding laws such as: breastfeeding is not a public indecency, authorizing public information campaign, providing for program in WIC for lactation support and accommodation for employed mothers who are breastfeeding. Key Questions Cook county Hospital 1980s report shows that, women involved in peer group discussion and education session breastfeed longer than those who did not participate in it. It is very clear that peer counseling has been found effective and beneficial to all women including low income earners in Chicago. Peer support has been used successfully by low income earners and is perceived vital for breaking down existing barriers within women social network among women of low income earners and middle income women because it promotes collaboration and participation. Breastfeeding peer counseling has been of great help to women because large number of low income women have responded positively. The outcome shows that 84% of peer counseled women have initiated proper breastfeeding method leading to low infant mortality rate.85% of mothers who started peer counselors received great help and support to alleviate breastfeeding problem. About 66% of low income women in Chicago who received breastfeeding services from the peer counselor plan to breastfeed beyond six months and 33% decided to go beyond twelve months, which is a whole year breastfeeding. This is because peer counseling have persuaded them to do so through educating them about breastfeeding techniques, importance and nutritious knowledge. Surveys shows that, low income women in Chicago received individual peer counseling which made them to breastfeed at one to three months postpartum than those who received only routine breastfeeding support especially middle income earner because it was much accessible and affordable to them. It is the role of the implementer to know the causes of breastfeeding problem and suggest alternative ways of alleviating it. Some women are denied right to breastfeed in work place by the managers because they argue that they are wasting too much working hours (James Lessen, 2009). Therefore, women are forced to stop breastfeeding their infants before the completion of at least six month. Also place of worship has denied mothers right to breastfeed because they consider it holy and it should be used to worship God only. Culture has been another factor that interferes with breastfeeding in Chicago area. Majority have inclined too much to cultural norms and behaviors which limit the breastfeeding period. This is because of static attitudes they uphold instead of adapting the modern ways of doing things and illiteracy level whereby they are not educated about breast milk content and how it is important to the infants because it boost body immunity, intelligence, growth and development. Breastfeeding research is very low among low income earners in Chicago because is beyond their ability. First they lack enough resources in terms of funds, research tools and equipment and skilled personnel. Secondly they lack motivation and support from the government. Therefore much of the important information about breast milk remains hidden leading to poor growth and development of infants. In order to lessen this problem a lot needs to be done which include; Low income women should be encouraged to help one another through fundraising to enable young women access breastfeeding hospital service, prenatal education and breastfeeding teaching. More so it will enable mothers to access nutritious food that contributes to production of nutritive breast milk leading to healthy growth and development of infants. Awareness should be created to inform women breastfeeding benefits and negative impacts that might arise if appropriate breastfeeding precautions are not put into consideration. For instance, breast milk contains tolerance and anti-immune compounds that reduce the rate of asthma to the infants. Failure to do that, infants become susceptible to asthma and allergic diseases. Competent Facilitators are also needed to gather the most pressing needs of the young mothers. He must be able to hold healthy discussion with the groups of women to here every ones opinion and views. Also he should have ability to promote efficient and effective strategy to be followed to come to consensus. As a result women learn a lot from one another pertaining breastfeeding and they develop strong and healthy relationship hence promoting peer counseling. Licensed dietitians and registered nurses should be used to disseminate nutritious information to all people in Chicago IL. This can be achieved through guidance and counseling, campaigns, public assembly, media, posters, interviews and discussion forums. Also they can be used to distribute food supplements that contain nutrients, vitamins, proteins, ions, calcium, magnesium that enhance wholesome production of breast milk. Formulation, implementation and reinforcement of laws pertaining breastfeeding should be enacted. For example Breastfeeding women should have a right to breastfeed everywhere and at any time which includes worship places, public place e.g. market place and work place. Managers should give women more time for breastfeeding because it is important to both mothers and infants. Failure to this, justice should be enhanced through the court of law. Workplace Act that provides break time for nursing mothers should be observed. Also an employer should provide room More women income generating projects should be initiated to empower women and make them financial stable to afford nutritious food (Mitra, et al., 2004). For example, knitting projects that enable low income earner generate more income that would be enough to cater for the family requirement including healthful food. Once more, they would have ability to access breastfeeding services. Also they can be encouraged to initiate women cooperative groups which will help in disseminating information about breastfeeding and giving guidance and counseling to all women in Chicago. Knowledge should be imparted to Chicago mothers about the benefits of breastfeeding. They should know that, breastfeeding protects children against Diarrhea. Survey shows that, children less than twelve months have low incident of acute diarrhea diseases during the time they were being breastfed than children bottle fed. In addition, breastfeeding protect infants from hemophilic influenza (Mitra, et al., 2004). The breastfeeding mothers and the pregnant women should be aware that breastfeeding enhance vaccine response by increasing the high rate of humeral immune. Breastfed children contains high level of antibodies thus shows better serum and secretory responses to perioral and parenteral vaccines than the formula fed Women should be informed that breastfeeding enhance child development and intelligent. Well breastfed children have high IQ level and cognitive development than formula fed infants. They also develop socially in terms of psychomotor and social capability. Human milk transfer immunities to the external mucosal of intestine and also to the respiratory tract of the infants. The acquired immunity compound is particularly important in the early neonatal period before immune matures. Mothers milk protects newborns from Herpes simplex virus 11 contamination Infectious mothers should also be guided not to breastfeed especially when they are infected with HIV (James Lessen, 2009). Study Design Participants must be recruited prenatally at Hospitals and must have the required criteria which specify that women must be at least 18 years old, come from low income women class, is a resident of Chicago area, they are available for telephone follow up, they must be considering breastfeeding their infants and not yet enrolled in the peer counseling program. This is done to enhance detailed information concerning infant breastfeeding so as to know what needed to be done to eradicate negative attitude towards breastfeeding among low income women in Chicago. Participants of approximately about 200 mothers need to be randomized to either control group or the intervention group using computer software programs such as (SPSS, Version 10, SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL). Cases should be entered into data file weekly and SPSS randomly selected approximately 50%. The selected case should be assigned to the intervention group which include; prenatal home visit, perinatal visit, 3 postpartum home visit and telephone contact as needed which were to be conducted at 1, 3, 6 months. After delivery, medical record should be reviewed to ensure that postpartum inclusion criteria are met which include; healthy full term singleton, absence of congenital anomalies and no maternal history of human immunodeficiency virus. Key Processing Measures Participant should be interviewed in the language of their choice i.e. English or Spanish by the field researchers or coordinators. Recruitment, demographic and infant feeding data should be collected too. Also participant should be interviewed regarding infant feeding methods, sources of prenatal and perinatal breastfeeding education and demographic details. In addition to this, medical record should be reviewed to know the number of infant mortality rate and breastfeeding recorded details. Participants can be interviewed monthly via telephone to obtain maximum information of 6 month postpartum on infant feeding practices Implementation of breastfeeding peer counseling is not that smooth because is associated with barriers and challenges that face implementers. Some of these challenges include: Conflict among counselors and coordinators. Some sponsors agencies may demand more wages and salaries to help in peer counseling activities. Other disagree on appropriate method to use, some prefer home to home visit, clinic visit and other prefer telephone Services Financial constraint is another challenge because peer counseling require funds so as to make if effective and efficient. This is because peer support group need to be trained first to enable them give quality and quantity information about breastfeeding. They need to be trained about breastfeeding management, infant growth and development, nutrition, counseling technique and criteria for making hospital referrals e.g. referral to International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCL) in both individual and group settings. Peer counselors are supposed to be trained and be clinically monitored or overseen by professional in lactation management which include physician with specific training in skilled lactation care, nurses, IBCLC and nutritionist Poor coordination and interaction is another challenge because in order to enhance effective and efficient implementation of breastfeeding project, there must be health link and collaboration with other groups. A lot of effort is required to sustain collaboration among; low income women, Hartford Hospitals, Hispanic Health Council and with the university of Connecticuts Family Nutrition Program. It makes it so difficult to deliver Perinatal peer support to low income women in Chicago. The fathers role was also to be considered in terms of their performance, involvement, support, and attitude. The fathers are assumed to be very supportive to the breastfeeding mother by encouraging the mother to breastfeed the baby until the baby is 6 months of age. This can make the mothers get the motivation to breastfeed their babies since they can also get support from home. Impacts and Results Peer counselors have helped low income mothers to understand the tips for how to breastfeed comfortably and discreetly even in public place such as public market. It has made low income women to gain courage of breastfeeding their children even when they are in the groups of people. It has promoted good and close relationship between mother and the infants because breastfeeding mothers have learned important ways of staying close to their babies after work and after school. Again mother have known various ways of producing plenty and nutritious breast milk for their infant thus they cannot stay for long without breastfeeding hence close relationship with their children. They have acquired a lot of ideas on how to obtain breastfeeding information and support from referral places, family and friends. As a result strong bond have been formed that link low income women with hospital based breastfeeding programs, university based nutritious programs and even community based breastfeeding institutions. They have acquired ways to get good start with breastfeeding unlike before. Immediately after birth, nurses do provide written information pertaining proper breastfeeding ways (Howard, et al., 1999). Yet again they receive immediate breastfeeding support from the peer counselor who guide on the procedure to be followed on breastfeeding action. They have known ways of making plenty of breast milk for their babies through taking in nutritious food. These nutritive food increase immunity system to the infant thus prevent chances of getting sick. Again wholesome breast milk facilitates healthy growth and development of infants (Howard, et al., 1999). On the other hand, there is a very great negative impact to women who fail to breastfeed their children as required. They become prone of various cancers diseases such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer. This is because lack of breastfeeding leads to formation of cramps in the breast resulting to inflammation and death of body cells and tissues thus breast cancer. According the World Health Organization (2003), children who were not breastfed have high tendency of contracting non communicable disease such as diabetes mellitus, leukemia and lymphoma. More so they have high rate of crohns disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac diseases. As a result this interferes with child growth and development (James Lessen, 2009). Short period of breastfeeding involve another crucial risk of recurrent respiratory infections and otitis media. Limitations Most of the hospital population does not reflect the general population of the low-income women of Chicago, IL. And the birth weight of the babies was also a factor which was supposed to be considered because some babies who were born underweight had to be placed in the specialized nurseries where breastfeeding was a problem (Mitra, et al., 2004). Funding has been a major problem in the effective implementation of the BPC program since a lot of money is required so as to fund all the activities by the Peers counselors which include the funding for the phone call follow ups, the Peers training programs in many hospitals so as to recruit as many peer counselors as possible. There has been a problem when it comes to the funding. Loss to follow-up appointments by the breastfeeding mothers has also been another problem which has hindered the implementation of the BPC program. This has been so because some of the breastfeeding mothers have not been positive towards the follow-up appointments since they end up not turning up for the counseling sessions that they are scheduled for which makes it very inconveniencing to the peers counselors. Other mothers are arrogant and ignorant which makes the work of the peer counselors to be very difficult because when they are contacted through the telephones, some of them ignore the phone calls, while others end up telling likes about their not making for a counseling session which has been a discouraging factor to many peer counselors. Understaffing is a major problem in most of the government funded hospitals in Chicago where the staffs there were overworked quite a lot therefore ending up neglecting the breastfeeding mothers who had breastfeeding issues (Mitra, et al., 2004). Due to this understaffing of the personnel, the staff lacked the support and the training facilities and most of the staff in the hospital did not have set job responsibilities. The government of Chicago should initiate many campaigns so as to be able to sensitize and create awareness about the importance of breastfeeding to both mother and the infants. For the mothers they should know that this is one way of preventing breast cancer thus they will minimize medical expenses incurred to treat it. In addition infants obtain enough nutrients that help them to grow healthy, strong and with high level of immunity (James Lessen, 2009). Project and programs should be initiated to provide nutritious food for the mothers in order to increase the level of nutrients and ions in the breast milk that helps the infants to grow healthy. These programs include lactation support services that provide nutrition programs to pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. It also include payment for breast pumps, breast shields, supply of registered nurses, licensed dietitians and any person who has completed a lactation management training program. The BPC would work effectively because all the Breastfeeding Peer Counselors are role models and they provide the women with enough confidence because they also share their backgrounds since they were also mothers who have also breastfed their babies up to 6 months. The importance of the BPC program should be made known to all the hospital staff in Chicago, IL. Buy custom Breastfeeding Peer Counselor Program essay

Evaluation of Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evaluation of Information System - Essay Example the invention of evaluation and the process of evaluation from which it follows any differentiation in terms of knowledge interests and evaluation process (Cronholm and Goldkuhl, 2003). Evaluating IS has become very important for the organisation because it helps in management structure functions and assessment of the internal operations (AIMTech, 2014). To evaluating IS, some consideration has to be put on the components of IS. This comprises of information which is being fed into the system, processing of the data fed in, output from the system and finally the simple IPO model at the base. With the evaluation of IS special concerned has to be on the effectiveness as well as the efficiency of the system, the quality of information being keyed in and the impacts of the information to the individual or an organization. As evaluations occur in stages, therefore, when and what stage to evaluate must be known. Whether is at the design stage, maturity or whole life (Anderson et al., 1993) . This essay will focus on compare and contrast the contemporary approaches of evaluating IS, identify the challenge and benefits, describe the internal and external factors and trends and advances in IT, and also the recommendation of organizations. The D&M model is an IS theory which tries to give a far-reaching understanding of IS accomplishment by distinguishing, depicting, and clarifying the connections among six of the most critical dimensions of success along which IS are commonly evaluated (Petter, 2008). Initial improvement of the theory was attempted by DeLone and McLean in 1992 and was further refined by the first creators after 10 years because of the input got from different researchers working in the region (DeLone and McLean, 2003). The D&M model has been referred to in a huge number of investigative papers, and is thought to be a standout among the most powerful hypotheses in contemporary IS research (Petter, 2008).