The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 1566 Words

Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes the failure of the immune system and provides a suitable growing environment for infectious diseases and cancers. In less than 25 years, HIV has become the deadliest virus in all the infectious and viral diseases and approximately 44 million persons are considered to be HIV positive (Weiss, 1993). In my paper, I will discuss a comparison between the previous and new treatment for HIW in order to reflect the evolutionary dynamics of HIV suppression. I will then focus on Human antibodies neutralization as a potential future treatment. HIV can infect cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (CD4+), macrophages, and dendritic cells. Active HIV replication is spotted in†¦show more content†¦By the year of 1994, only 72 percent of patients were prescribed with antiretroviral therapy, the number increased to 95 percent in 1997 and now every patient is recommended to start the treatment with antiretroviral therapy (Palella , 1998). The struggle with HIV is life long and even though ART can suppress the virus to eliminate mutation, there is currently no cure for HIV. Human Antibodies In the early 1990s, 4 human antibodies were found to neutralize different primary strains of HIV-1, including mAb b12. This finding gave hope that the human immune system might effectively neutralize HIV-1, however, the neutralization was not efficient and covered only 50% of the infected cells. In early 2011, Bonsigonori, Haynes were able to isolate mAbs that could neutralize almost 50% of HIV-1 strains (kwong, 2012). HIV viral spike has some regions that antibodies can bind and neutralize effectively including gp120 and gp41. However, due to the structural configuration of those viral spikes, antibodies have a limited access to viral spikes. All of the effective neutralizers of HIV-1 have unusual features, and some have an extraordinary maturation. Memory B cells in the human immune system can remember the antibody s response, including maturation. The record can be partially reconstructed and this is important because each effective neutralizer is